LS(1)							   User Commands						     LS(1)



NAME
       ls - list directory contents

SYNOPSIS
       ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...

DESCRIPTION
       List  information about the FILEs (the current directory by default).  Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor
       --sort is specified.

       Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.

       -a, --all
	      do not ignore entries starting with .

       -A, --almost-all
	      do not list implied . and ..

       --author
	      with -l, print the author of each file

       -b, --escape
	      print C-style escapes for nongraphic characters

       --block-size=SIZE
	      scale sizes by SIZE before printing them.  E.g., `--block-size=M' prints sizes in units  of  1,048,576  bytes.   See
	      SIZE format below.

       -B, --ignore-backups
	      do not list implied entries ending with ~

       -c     with  -lt:  sort	by, and show, ctime (time of last modification of file status information) with -l: show ctime and
	      sort by name otherwise: sort by ctime, newest first

       -C     list entries by columns

       --color[=WHEN]
	      colorize the output.  WHEN defaults to `always' or can be `never' or `auto'.  More info below

       -d, --directory
	      list directory entries instead of contents, and do not dereference symbolic links

       -D, --dired
	      generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode

       -f     do not sort, enable -aU, disable -ls --color

       -F, --classify
	      append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries

       --file-type
	      likewise, except do not append `*'

       --format=WORD
	      across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l, single-column -1, verbose -l, vertical -C

       --full-time
	      like -l --time-style=full-iso

       -g     like -l, but do not list owner

       --group-directories-first
	      group directories before files.

	      augment with a --sort option, but any use of --sort=none (-U) disables grouping

       -G, --no-group
	      in a long listing, don't print group names

       -h, --human-readable
	      with -l, print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G)

       --si   likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024

       -H, --dereference-command-line
	      follow symbolic links listed on the command line

       --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir
	      follow each command line symbolic link that points to a directory

       --hide=PATTERN
	      do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN (overridden by -a or -A)

       --indicator-style=WORD
	      append indicator with style WORD to entry names: none (default), slash (-p), file-type (--file-type), classify (-F)

       -i, --inode
	      print the index number of each file

       -I, --ignore=PATTERN
	      do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN

       -k     like --block-size=1K

       -l     use a long listing format

       -L, --dereference
	      when showing file information for a symbolic link, show information for the file the link references rather than for
	      the link itself

       -m     fill width with a comma separated list of entries

       -n, --numeric-uid-gid
	      like -l, but list numeric user and group IDs

       -N, --literal
	      print raw entry names (don't treat e.g. control characters specially)

       -o     like -l, but do not list group information

       -p, --indicator-style=slash
	      append / indicator to directories

       -q, --hide-control-chars
	      print ? instead of non graphic characters

       --show-control-chars
	      show non graphic characters as-is (default unless program is `ls' and output is a terminal)

       -Q, --quote-name
	      enclose entry names in double quotes

       --quoting-style=WORD
	      use quoting style WORD for entry names: literal, locale, shell, shell-always, c, escape

       -r, --reverse
	      reverse order while sorting

       -R, --recursive
	      list subdirectories recursively

       -s, --size
	      print the allocated size of each file, in blocks

       -S     sort by file size

       --sort=WORD
	      sort by WORD instead of name: none -U, extension -X, size -S, time -t, version -v

       --time=WORD
	      with  -l,  show  time as WORD instead of modification time: atime -u, access -u, use -u, ctime -c, or status -c; use
	      specified time as sort key if --sort=time

       --time-style=STYLE
	      with -l, show times using style STYLE: full-iso, long-iso, iso, locale, +FORMAT.	FORMAT is interpreted like `date';
	      if  FORMAT  is FORMAT1FORMAT2, FORMAT1 applies to non-recent files and FORMAT2 to recent files; if STYLE is
	      prefixed with `posix-', STYLE takes effect only outside the POSIX locale

       -t     sort by modification time, newest first

       -T, --tabsize=COLS
	      assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8

       -u     with -lt: sort by, and show, access time with -l: show access time and sort by name otherwise: sort by access time

       -U     do not sort; list entries in directory order

       -v     natural sort of (version) numbers within text

       -w, --width=COLS
	      assume screen width instead of current value

       -x     list entries by lines instead of by columns

       -X     sort alphabetically by entry extension

       -Z, --context
	      print any SELinux security context of each file

       -1     list one file per line

       --help display this help and exit

       --version
	      output version information and exit

       SIZE may be (or may be an integer optionally followed by) one of following: KB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, and
       so on for G, T, P, E, Z, Y.

       Using  color  to  distinguish  file  types is disabled both by default and with --color=never.  With --color=auto, ls emits
       color codes only when standard output is connected to a terminal.  The LS_COLORS environment variable can change  the  set‐
       tings.  Use the dircolors command to set it.

   Exit status:
       0      if OK,

       1      if minor problems (e.g., cannot access subdirectory),

       2      if serious trouble (e.g., cannot access command-line argument).

AUTHOR
       Written by Richard M. Stallman and David MacKenzie.

REPORTING BUGS
       Report ls bugs to bug-coreutils@gnu.org
       GNU coreutils home page: 
       General help using GNU software: 
       Report ls translation bugs to 

COPYRIGHT
       Copyright    ©	 2011	 Free	 Software   Foundation,   Inc.	  License   GPLv3+:   GNU   GPL   version   3	or   later
       .
       This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.  There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.

SEE ALSO
       The full documentation for ls is maintained as a Texinfo manual.  If the info and ls programs  are  properly  installed	at
       your site, the command

	      info coreutils 'ls invocation'

       should give you access to the complete manual.



GNU coreutils 8.12.197-032bb				  September 2011						     LS(1)