some basic Linux Network Commands

BASIC SETUP:  ifconfig lan0 192.168.11.42 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.11.255
ADD ROUTE:    route add default gw 192.168.11.1
 
=========================================================================
1) ifconfig -a, ip addr  
2) ping -c 3 8.8.8.8
3) route  
4) netstat -ar  
5) traceroute 8.8.8.8  
6) nslookup
 
=========================================================================
1) ifconfig -a, ip addr
 
--> ifconfig --help
Usage:
  ifconfig [-a] [-i] [-v] [-s] <interface> [[<AF>] <address>]
  [add <address>[/<prefixlen>]]
  [del <address>[/<prefixlen>]]
  [[-]broadcast [<address>]]  [[-]pointopoint [<address>]]
  [netmask <address>]  [dstaddr <address>]  [tunnel <address>]
  [outfill <NN>] [keepalive <NN>]
  [hw <HW> <address>]  [metric <NN>]  [mtu <NN>]
  [[-]trailers]  [[-]arp]  [[-]allmulti]
  [multicast]  [[-]promisc]
  [mem_start <NN>]  [io_addr <NN>]  [irq <NN>]  [media <type>]
  [txqueuelen <NN>]
  [[-]dynamic]
  [up|down] ...
 
  <HW>=Hardware Type.
  List of possible hardware types:
    loop (Local Loopback) slip (Serial Line IP) cslip (VJ Serial Line IP)
    slip6 (6-bit Serial Line IP) cslip6 (VJ 6-bit Serial Line IP) adaptive (Adaptive Serial Line IP)
    ether (Ethernet) tr (16/4 Mbps Token Ring) tr (16/4 Mbps Token Ring (New))
    ax25 (AMPR AX.25) netrom (AMPR NET/ROM) tunnel (IPIP Tunnel)
    ppp (Point-to-Point Protocol) arcnet (ARCnet) dlci (Frame Relay DLCI)
    frad (Frame Relay Access Device) sit (IPv6-in-IPv4) fddi (Fiber Distributed Data Interface)
    hippi (HIPPI) irda (IrLAP) x25 (generic X.25)
    infiniband (InfiniBand)
  <AF>=Address family. Default: inet
  List of possible address families:
    unix (UNIX Domain) inet (DARPA Internet) inet6 (IPv6)
    ax25 (AMPR AX.25) netrom (AMPR NET/ROM) ipx (Novell IPX)
    ddp (Appletalk DDP) x25 (CCITT X.25)
 
 
------------------------------------------------
--> ip --help
Usage: ip [ OPTIONS ] OBJECT { COMMAND | help }
       ip [ -force ] -batch filename
where  OBJECT := { link | address | addrlabel | route | rule | neighbor | ntable |
                   tunnel | tuntap | maddress | mroute | mrule | monitor | xfrm |
                   netns | l2tp | fou | tcp_metrics | token | netconf }
       OPTIONS := { -V[ersion] | -s[tatistics] | -d[etails] | -r[esolve] |
                    -h[uman-readable] | -iec |
                    -f[amily] { inet | inet6 | ipx | dnet | mpls | bridge | link } |
                    -4 | -6 | -I | -D | -B | -0 |
                    -l[oops] { maximum-addr-flush-attempts } | -br[ief] |
                    -o[neline] | -t[imestamp] | -ts[hort] | -b[atch] [filename] |
                    -rc[vbuf] [size] | -n[etns] name | -a[ll] |Â -c[olor]}
 
 
--> ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 ::1/128 scope host
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 64:00:6x:7x:0x:x3 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 1xx.xx3.1x2.5x/22 brd 1xx.xx3.1x5.255 scope global eth0
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 fe80::6600:6xxf:fx7x:65x/64 scope link
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
 
=========================================================================
2) ping -c 3 8.8.8.8
 
--> ping --help
ping: invalid option -- '-'
Usage: ping [-aAbBdDfhLnOqrRUvV] [-c count] [-i interval] [-I interface]
            [-m mark] [-M pmtudisc_option] [-l preload] [-p pattern] [-Q tos]
            [-s packetsize] [-S sndbuf] [-t ttl] [-T timestamp_option]
            [-w deadline] [-W timeout] [hop1 ...] destination
 
=========================================================================
3) route   
 
--> route --help
Usage: route [-nNvee] [-FC] [<AF>]           List kernel routing tables
       route [-v] [-FC] {add|del|flush} ...  Modify routing table for AF.
 
       route {-h|--help} [<AF>]              Detailed usage syntax for specified AF.
       route {-V|--version}                  Display version/author and exit.
 
        -v, --verbose            be verbose
        -n, --numeric            don't resolve names
        -e, --extend             display other/more information
        -F, --fib                display Forwarding Information Base (default)
        -C, --cache              display routing cache instead of FIB
 
  <AF>=Use '-A <af>' or '--<af>'; default: inet
  List of possible address families (which support routing):
    inet (DARPA Internet) inet6 (IPv6) ax25 (AMPR AX.25)
    netrom (AMPR NET/ROM) ipx (Novell IPX) ddp (Appletalk DDP)
    x25 (CCITT X.25)
 
=========================================================================
4) netstat -ar
 
--> netstat --help
usage: netstat [-veenNcCF] [<Af>] -r         netstat {-V|--version|-h|--help}
       netstat [-vnNcaeol] [<Socket> ...]
       netstat { [-veenNac] -i | [-cnNe] -M | -s }
 
        -r, --route              display routing table
        -i, --interfaces         display interface table
        -g, --groups             display multicast group memberships
        -s, --statistics         display networking statistics (like SNMP)
        -M, --masquerade         display masqueraded connections
 
        -v, --verbose            be verbose
        -n, --numeric            don't resolve names
        --numeric-hosts          don't resolve host names
        --numeric-ports          don't resolve port names
        --numeric-users          don't resolve user names
        -N, --symbolic           resolve hardware names
        -e, --extend             display other/more information
        -p, --programs           display PID/Program name for sockets
        -c, --continuous         continuous listing
 
        -l, --listening          display listening server sockets
        -a, --all, --listening   display all sockets (default: connected)
        -o, --timers             display timers
        -F, --fib                display Forwarding Information Base (default)
        -C, --cache              display routing cache instead of FIB
 
        -T, --notrim             dont't trim address information
  <Socket>={-t|--tcp} {-u|--udp} {-w|--raw} {-x|--unix} --ax25 --ipx --netrom --sctp
  <AF>=Use '-A <af>' or '--<af>'; default: inet
  List of possible address families (which support routing):
    inet (DARPA Internet) inet6 (IPv6) ax25 (AMPR AX.25)
    netrom (AMPR NET/ROM) ipx (Novell IPX) ddp (Appletalk DDP)
    x25 (CCITT X.25)
 
 
--> sudo netstat -p | grep gvfs
 
Active Internet connections (w/o servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address           Foreign Address         State       PID/Program name
 
unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTED     114793 15281/gvfs-udisks2-
unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTED     24494  2218/gvfsd
unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTED     115939 15326/gvfs-mtp-volu
unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTED     1858297 20230/gvfsd-metadat
unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTED     115940 15326/gvfs-mtp-volu
unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTED     114800 15293/gvfs-goa-volu
unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTED     113953 15281/gvfs-udisks2-
unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTED     90983  15326/gvfs-mtp-volu
unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTED     112147 15281/gvfs-udisks2-
unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTED     114823 15331/gvfs-gphoto2-
unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTED     113952 15281/gvfs-udisks2-
unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTED     27727  2218/gvfsd
unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTED     114816 15317/gvfs-afc-volu
unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTED     114815 15317/gvfs-afc-volu
unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTED     113958 15293/gvfs-goa-volu
unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTED     26878  2223/gvfsd-fuse
unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTED     92608  15317/gvfs-afc-volu
unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTED     1858296 20230/gvfsd-metadat
unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTED     114801 15293/gvfs-goa-volu
unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTED     1865893 20230/gvfsd-metadat
unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTED     112188 15331/gvfs-gphoto2-
unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTED     112187 15331/gvfs-gphoto2-
unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTED     27728  2218/gvfsd
 
=========================================================================
5) traceroute 8.8.8.8
 
--> traceroute --help
Usage:
  traceroute [ -46dFITnreAUDV ] [ -f first_ttl ] [ -g gate,... ] [ -i device ] [ -m max_ttl ] [ -N squeries ] [ -p port ] [ -t tos ] [ -l flow_label ] [ -w waittime ] [ -q nqueries ] [ -s src_addr ] [ -z sendwait ] [ --fwmark=num ] host [ packetlen ]
Options:
  -4                          Use IPv4
  -6                          Use IPv6
  -d  --debug                 Enable socket level debugging
  -F  --dont-fragment         Do not fragment packets
  -f first_ttl  --first=first_ttl
                              Start from the first_ttl hop (instead from 1)
  -g gate,...  --gateway=gate,...
                              Route packets through the specified gateway
                              (maximum 8 for IPv4 and 127 for IPv6)
  -I  --icmp                  Use ICMP ECHO for tracerouting
  -T  --tcp                   Use TCP SYN for tracerouting (default port is 80)
  -i device  --interface=device
                              Specify a network interface to operate with
  -m max_ttl  --max-hops=max_ttl
                              Set the max number of hops (max TTL to be
                              reached). Default is 30
  -N squeries  --sim-queries=squeries
                              Set the number of probes to be tried
                              simultaneously (default is 16)
  -n                          Do not resolve IP addresses to their domain names
  -p port  --port=port        Set the destination port to use. It is either
                              initial udp port value for "default" method
                              (incremented by each probe, default is 33434), or
                              initial seq for "icmp" (incremented as well,
                              default from 1), or some constant destination
                              port for other methods (with default of 80 for
                              "tcp", 53 for "udp", etc.)
  -t tos  --tos=tos           Set the TOS (IPv4 type of service) or TC (IPv6
                              traffic class) value for outgoing packets
  -l flow_label  --flowlabel=flow_label
                              Use specified flow_label for IPv6 packets
  -w waittime  --wait=waittime
                              Set the number of seconds to wait for response to
                              a probe (default is 5.0). Non-integer (float
                              point) values allowed too
  -q nqueries  --queries=nqueries
                              Set the number of probes per each hop. Default is
                              3
  -r                          Bypass the normal routing and send directly to a
                              host on an attached network
  -s src_addr  --source=src_addr
                              Use source src_addr for outgoing packets
  -z sendwait  --sendwait=sendwait
                              Minimal time interval between probes (default 0).
                              If the value is more than 10, then it specifies a
                              number in milliseconds, else it is a number of
                              seconds (float point values allowed too)
  -e  --extensions            Show ICMP extensions (if present), including MPLS
  -A  --as-path-lookups       Perform AS path lookups in routing registries and
                              print results directly after the corresponding
                              addresses
  -M name  --module=name      Use specified module (either builtin or external)
                              for traceroute operations. Most methods have
                              their shortcuts (`-I' means `-M icmp' etc.)
  -O OPTS,...  --options=OPTS,...
                              Use module-specific option OPTS for the
                              traceroute module. Several OPTS allowed,
                              separated by comma. If OPTS is "help", print info
                              about available options
  --sport=num                 Use source port num for outgoing packets. Implies
                              `-N 1'
  --fwmark=num                Set firewall mark for outgoing packets
  -U  --udp                   Use UDP to particular port for tracerouting
                              (instead of increasing the port per each probe),
                              default port is 53
  -UL                         Use UDPLITE for tracerouting (default dest port
                              is 53)
  -D  --dccp                  Use DCCP Request for tracerouting (default port
                              is 33434)
  -P prot  --protocol=prot    Use raw packet of protocol prot for tracerouting
  --mtu                       Discover MTU along the path being traced. Implies
                              `-F -N 1'
  --back                      Guess the number of hops in the backward path and
                              print if it differs
  -V  --version               Print version info and exit
  --help                      Read this help and exit
 
Arguments:
+     host          The host to traceroute to
      packetlen     The full packet length (default is the length of an IP
                    header plus 40). Can be ignored or increased to a minimal
                    allowed value
 
=========================================================================
6) nslookup
 
--> man nslookup | col -b
NSLOOKUP(1)                                                                            BIND9                                                                           NSLOOKUP(1)
 
NAME       nslookup - query Internet name servers interactively
 
SYNOPSIS   nslookup [-option] [name | -] [server]
 
DESCRIPTION
       Nslookup is a program to query Internet domain name servers.  
Nslookup has two modes: interactive and non-interactive. Interactive mode allows the user to query name
       servers for information about various hosts and domains or to print a list of hosts in a domain. 
Non-interactive mode is used to print just the name and requested
       information for a host or domain.
 
ARGUMENTS
       Interactive mode is entered in the following cases:
        1. when no arguments are given (the default name server will be used)
        2. when the first argument is a hyphen (-) and the second argument is the host name or Internet address of a name server.
 
       Non-interactive mode is used when the name or Internet address of the host to be looked up is given as the first argument. 
The optional second argument specifies the host name or address of a name server.
 
       Options can also be specified on the command line if they precede the arguments and are prefixed with a hyphen. 
For example, to change the default query type to host information, and the initial timeout to 10 seconds, type:
 
           nslookup -query=hinfo  -timeout=10
 
       The -version option causes nslookup to print the version number and immediately exits.
=========================================================================
 
1) ifconfig -a, ip addr  
2) ping -c 3 8.8.8.8
3) route  
4) netstat -ar  
5) traceroute 8.8.8.8  
6) nslookup

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