Compile a Linux Kernel
How to Compile a Linux Kernel (YMMV)
1) determine current version: uname -r
3.16.7-21-desktop
or: cat /proc/version (while interesting to see the use of files/process, this command
would require additional filtering..., yet, you'll find info like this out there)
Linux version 3.16.7-21-desktop (geeko@buildhost) (gcc version 4.8.3 20140627\
[gcc-4_8-branch revision 212064] (SUSE Linux) ) #1 SMP PREEMPT Tue Apr 14 07:11:37 UTC 2015 (93c1539)
2) go to kernel.org, find the latest stable version
https://www.kernel.org/
https://cdn.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v4.x/linux-4.5.tar.xz - on the site as the latest
https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v3.0/ - went down this branch
3) cd /usr/src
4) if there is an existing linux directory rename it to include the prior version
5) wget https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v3.0/
wget https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v3.0/linux-3.18.28.tar.gz
6) unroll the source, -z for normal: tar xvzf linux.version.tar.gz
tar xzf linux-3.18.28.tar.gz (drop the v for verbose)
- unroll the source OPTION -j, --bzip2 with a bz2 extension: tar xvjf linux.version.tar.bz2
- NOTE: there are variations of tar and compression, YMMV. Note what the site recommends.
7) cd linux.version...
cd linux-3.18.28
--> ls -FC linux-3.18.28 |grep /
arch/ firmware/ kernel/ Module.symvers sound/
block/ fs/ lib/ net/ System.map
COPYING include/ MAINTAINERS README tools/
CREDITS init/ Makefile REPORTING-BUGS usr/
crypto/ ipc/ mm/ samples/ virt/
Documentation/ Kbuild modules.builtin scripts/ vmlinux*
drivers/ Kconfig modules.order security/ vmlinux.o
arch - architecture
crypto - DES, DES
drivers - SATA, ethernet, wireless, etc.
fs - file systems, ext4, FAT, NTFS
net - netwokrign, ipv4, ipv6, tcp, 802.11
8) begin new kernel configuration:
OPTION 1:
make menuconfig
using this version will result in a long Q&A session
OPTION 2:
alternate versions for "graphics" in a shell are:
make qconfig | make xconfig | make gconfig
OPTION 3:
save current configuration as the default:
sudo cp /boot/config-`uname -r` .config
cat .config | wc -l
6597
cat .config
# Automatically generated file; DO NOT EDIT.
# Linux/x86_64 3.16.6 Kernel Configuration
#
CONFIG_64BIT=y
CONFIG_X86_64=y
CONFIG_X86=y
...
if you didn't change into the kernel directory before creating config and you type make gconfig,
it'll say Stop.
------------------------------------------------
SuSE 13.2 --> luser@e7240-laptop [/usr/src]
------------------------------------------------
------------------
--> sudo make gconfig
make: *** No rule to make target 'gconfig'. Stop.
------------------------------------------------
SuSE 13.2 --> luser@e7240-laptop [/usr/src/linux-3.18.28]
------------------------------------------------
--> cd /usr/src/linux-3.18.28
--> sudo mv .config.old .config.older ;sudo mv .config .config.old ;sudo mv ../.config .
------------------
THEN, if you type make gconfig, but don't have the GTK+ installed:
--> sudo make gconfig
*
* Unable to find the GTK+ installation. Please make sure that
* the GTK+ 2.0 development package is correctly installed...
* You need gtk+-2.0, glib-2.0 and libglade-2.0.
*
make[1]: *** No rule to make target 'scripts/kconfig/.tmp_gtkcheck', needed by 'scripts/kconfig/gconf.o'. Stop.
Makefile:541: recipe for target 'gconfig' failed
make: *** [gconfig] Error 2
------------------
IF you try xconfig, but don't have QT4 installed...
--> sudo make xconfig
CHECK qt
* Unable to find the QT4 tool qmake. Trying to use QT3
*
* Unable to find any QT installation. Please make sure that
* the QT4 or QT3 development package is correctly installed and
* either qmake can be found or install pkg-config or set
* the QTDIR environment variable to the correct location.
*
make[1]: *** No rule to make target 'scripts/kconfig/.tmp_qtcheck', needed by 'scripts/kconfig/qconf.o'. Stop.
Makefile:541: recipe for target 'xconfig' failed
make: *** [xconfig] Error 2
------------------
so, you just keep it simple, SIMPLE ALWAYS WORKS (SAW):
--> sudo make config
scripts/kconfig/conf --oldaskconfig Kconfig
*
* Linux/x86 3.18.28 Kernel Configuration
*
64-bit kernel (64BIT) [Y/n/?] Y
*
* General setup
*
Cross-compiler tool prefix (CROSS_COMPILE) []
9) COMPILE THE KERNEL AND INSTALL
This process takes a long time:
compile the main kernel: make
this will take 1 to 2 hours or longer.
stores the kernel in binary form to arch/x86/boot/bzimage
compile kernel modules: make modules_install
this copies all the kernel modules (*.ko) to
lib/modules//kernel/
install kernel: make install
this copies the kernel from arch/x86/boot/bzImage to /boot
and copies the .config file to
/boot/config- and
generates the System.map file
or, run all from one line using double ampersands (&&)
(can also use: "make -j" to fork separate processes, see man make)
make && make modules_install && make install
10) make install may create the new kernel items in /boot:
- vmlinuz-version... (kernel)
- system-map-version... (system configuration for ramdisk)
- initrd.img-version... (ram disk kernel)
- config-version.... (kernel configuration)
- ALSO updates grub.cfg
but, if it doesn't (YMMV by distro), then create the new kernel by:
mkinitrd -o intrd.img-3.18.28
or update-initramfs -c -k 3.18.28
11) make sure your boot loader is pointed to the new kernel, see /boot/grub2/grub.cfg
update-grub
12)then, reboot, or init 6
---------
Alternate: Debian distros use one tool: make-kpkg (commands listed are from an older distro, YMMV)
to install make-kpkg:
sudo apt-get install kernel-package libncurses5-dev
make-kpkg --initrd --append-to-version=-ramki kernel_image kernel_headers
this creates two DEB files, install the Deb files:
sudo dpkg -i kernel_image-ramki-i386.deb
Script started on Sat Mar 12 19:51:41 2016
------------------------------------------------
root@e7240-laptop [/usr/src]
------------------------------------------------
#######################################
##### 1) determine current version: uname -r
#######################################
--> uname -r
3.16.7-21-desktop
------------------------------------------------
root@e7240-laptop [/usr/src]
------------------------------------------------
#######################################
##### 2) go to kernel.org, find the latest stable version (do some research, back things up)
##### 3) cd /usr/src
##### 4) - if there is an existing linux directory rename it to include the prior version
##### 5) wget http://kernel.org/version
########################################
wget https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v3.0/linux-3.18.28.tar.gz
--2016-03-12 19:51:58-- https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v3.0/linux-3.18.28.tar.gz
Resolving www.kernel.org (www.kernel.org)... 199.204.44.194, 198.145.20.140, 149.20.4.69, ...
Connecting to www.kernel.org (www.kernel.org)|199.204.44.194|:443... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK
Length: 122392666 (117M) [application/x-gzip]
Saving to: ‘linux-3.18.28.tar.gz’
linux-3.18.28.tar.gz 100%[===============================================>] 116.72M 10.4MB/s ina15ss
2016-03-12 19:52:13 (7.91 MB/s) - ‘linux-3.18.28.tar.gz’ saved [122392666/122392666]
------------------------------------------------
root@e7240-laptop [/usr/src]
------------------------------------------------
########################################
##### 6) unroll the source, -z for normal: tar xvzf linux.version.tar.gz
##### - unroll the source OPTION -j, --bzip2 with a bz2 extension:
##### tar xvjf linux.version.tar.bz2
##### - NOTE: there are variations of tar and compression, YMMV.
##### Note what the site recommends.
########################################
--> tar xvzf linux-3.18.28.tar.gz
linux-3.18.28/
linux-3.18.28/.gitignore
(NOTE: skip "v" to save a lot of info on screen)
------------------------------------------------
root@e7240-laptop [/usr/src/linux-3.18.28]
------------------------------------------------
--> ll /usr/src/linux-3.18.28
total 596
-rw-rw-r-- 1 root root 18693 Mar 4 13:54 COPYING
-rw-rw-r-- 1 root root 96089 Mar 4 13:54 CREDITS
drwxrwxr-x 106 root root 12288 Mar 4 13:54 Documentation
-rw-rw-r-- 1 root root 2536 Mar 4 13:54 Kbuild
-rw-rw-r-- 1 root root 252 Mar 4 13:54 Kconfig
-rw-rw-r-- 1 root root 292390 Mar 4 13:54 MAINTAINERS
-rw-rw-r-- 1 root root 54432 Mar 4 13:54 Makefile
-rw-rw-r-- 1 root root 18736 Mar 4 13:54 README
-rw-rw-r-- 1 root root 7485 Mar 4 13:54 REPORTING-BUGS
drwxrwxr-x 31 root root 4096 Mar 4 13:54 arch
drwxrwxr-x 3 root root 4096 Mar 4 13:54 block
drwxrwxr-x 4 root root 4096 Mar 4 13:54 crypto
drwxrwxr-x 120 root root 4096 Mar 4 13:54 drivers
drwxrwxr-x 36 root root 4096 Mar 4 13:54 firmware
drwxrwxr-x 75 root root 4096 Mar 4 13:54 fs
drwxrwxr-x 28 root root 4096 Mar 4 13:54 include
drwxrwxr-x 2 root root 4096 Mar 4 13:54 init
drwxrwxr-x 2 root root 4096 Mar 4 13:54 ipc
drwxrwxr-x 15 root root 4096 Mar 4 13:54 kernel
drwxrwxr-x 11 root root 12288 Mar 4 13:54 lib
drwxrwxr-x 2 root root 4096 Mar 4 13:54 mm
drwxrwxr-x 58 root root 4096 Mar 4 13:54 net
drwxrwxr-x 13 root root 4096 Mar 4 13:54 samples
drwxrwxr-x 13 root root 4096 Mar 4 13:54 scripts
drwxrwxr-x 9 root root 4096 Mar 4 13:54 security
drwxrwxr-x 22 root root 4096 Mar 4 13:54 sound
drwxrwxr-x 19 root root 4096 Mar 4 13:54 tools
drwxrwxr-x 2 root root 4096 Mar 4 13:54 usr
drwxrwxr-x 3 root root 4096 Mar 4 13:54 virt
------------------------------------------------
--> ll /boot
total 46804
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 3003004 Apr 14 2015 System.map-3.16.7-21-desktop
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 3002010 Dec 17 2014 System.map-3.16.7-7-desktop
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 512 Nov 20 2014 backup_mbr
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 1 Nov 20 2014 boot -> .
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1484 Oct 21 2014 boot.readme
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 148309 Apr 14 2015 config-3.16.7-21-desktop
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 148308 Dec 17 2014 config-3.16.7-7-desktop
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Nov 27 2014 dracut
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Nov 20 2014 grub
drwxr-xr-x 7 root root 4096 Aug 24 2015 grub2
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 24 Apr 22 2015 initrd -> initrd-3.16.7-21-desktop
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 7938496 Apr 22 2015 initrd-3.16.7-21-desktop
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 7888832 Apr 21 2015 initrd-3.16.7-7-desktop
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 424448 Oct 26 2014 message
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 309437 Apr 14 2015 symvers-3.16.7-21-desktop.gz
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 309458 Dec 17 2014 symvers-3.16.7-7-desktop.gz
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 516 Apr 14 2015 sysctl.conf-3.16.7-21-desktop
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 516 Dec 17 2014 sysctl.conf-3.16.7-7-desktop
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 6665656 Apr 14 2015 vmlinux-3.16.7-21-desktop.gz
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 6665774 Dec 17 2014 vmlinux-3.16.7-7-desktop.gz
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 25 Apr 22 2015 vmlinuz -> vmlinuz-3.16.7-21-desktop
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 5682344 Apr 14 2015 vmlinuz-3.16.7-21-desktop
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 5682504 Dec 17 2014 vmlinuz-3.16.7-7-desktop
------------------------------------------------
cp /boot/config-3.16.7-21-desktop .config
------------------------------------------------
root@e7240-laptop [/usr/src/linux-3.18.28]
------------------------------------------------
--> make
HOSTCC scripts/basic/fixdep
HOSTCC scripts/kconfig/conf.o
SHIPPED scripts/kconfig/zconf.tab.c
SHIPPED scripts/kconfig/zconf.lex.c
SHIPPED scripts/kconfig/zconf.hash.c
HOSTCC scripts/kconfig/zconf.tab.o
HOSTLD scripts/kconfig/conf
scripts/kconfig/conf --silentoldconfig Kconfig
*
* Restart config...
*
*
* RCU Subsystem
*
RCU Implementation
> 1. Preemptible tree-based hierarchical RCU (TREE_PREEMPT_RCU)
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