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systemd overview


for complete study on systemd see: http://0pointer.de/blog/projects/systemd-for-admins-1.html


running systemd?

 #  is your system running initd or systemd?
------------------------------------------------------------
1) ls -al /sbin/init 

	if:    -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 150352  Mar 20  2012  /sbin/init  
		then you're running initd 

	if:    lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 26 Mar  2 19:00 /sbin/init -> ../usr/lib/systemd/systemd
		then you're running systemd
------------------------------------------------------------
2)  or, --> ps -ef | grep systemd
root       233     1  0 Apr06 ?        00:00:03 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-journald
root       263     1  0 Apr06 ?        00:00:03 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-udevd
message+   614     1  0 Apr06 ?        00:00:15 /bin/dbus-daemon --system --address=systemd: --nofork --nopidfile --systemd-activation
root       631     1  0 Apr06 ?        00:00:00 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-logind
john      1710     1  0 Apr06 ?        00:00:00 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd --user
root     27587 19681  0 12:48 pts/0    00:00:00 grep --color=auto systemd

Boot up process overview



Legacy SysV init scripts.

Bourne Shell scripts that reside in /etc/rc.d/init.d/ and called with standardized arguments (verbs) such as start, stop or restart
To find out the sizes of init scripts: (number of lines) for x in `ls -s`; do echo $x ; cat $x | wc -l; done | tee -a /root/init-file-sizes.txt or: for x in `ls -rSF | grep -v /`; do echo $x ; cat $x | wc -l; done or: find . -type f -exec wc -l {} \; | sort
One of the smallest one found using the commands above: --> more /etc/init.d/powerfail #! /bin/sh # Copyright (c) 1996-2002 SuSE Linux AG, Nuernberg, Germany. # All rights reserved. # # Author: Florian La Roche, 1996 # Werner Fink , 1996,2000 # # Please send feedback to http://www.suse.de/feedback # # /etc/init.d/powerfail # # This script is run when the UPS tells the system # the power has gone. Tell everybody, sync the disks # and drop into single user mode within two minutes. # This script is also being run when the power comes # up again (if it does in time!) # trap "echo" SIGINT SIGSEGV SIGTERM POWERFAIL='THE POWER IS FAILED! SYSTEM GOING DOWN! PLEASE LOG OFF NOW!' POWERFAILNOW='THE POWER IS FAILED! LOW BATTERY - EMERGENCY SYSTEM SHUTDOWN!' POWERISBACK='THE POWER IS BACK' case "$1" in start) # don't allow users to login and go into single-user shutdown +2 "$POWERFAIL" <> /dev/console 1>&0 2>&0 & sync & ;; now) # tell init to immediatelly halt the system shutdown -h now "$POWERFAILNOW" <> /dev/console 1>&0 2>&0 & sync & ;; stop) # Stop any running shutdown shutdown -c now "$POWERISBACK" <> /dev/console 1>&0 2>&0 # allow users to log in rm -f /etc/nologin # if we're not single user, don't try to restore test "$RUNLEVEL" != "S" && exit 0 # go back to previous runlevel if test -n "$PREVLEVEL" -a \ "$PREVLEVEL" != 0 -a "$PREVLEVEL" != 6 then init $PREVLEVEL else # may not happen, but... init -t5 S fi # allow users to log in rm -f /etc/nologin ;; killups) POWERD_UPSPORT="" KILL_UPS_CMD="" if test -r /etc/powerd.conf -a -x /sbin/genpowerd ; then while read key value ; do case "$key" in \#*|"") ;; disabled) echo 'powerd is disabled in /etc/powerd.conf!' | wall break ;; serialline) POWERD_UPSPORT=${value} ; break ;; esac done < /etc/powerd.conf test -c $POWERD_UPSPORT || POWERD_UPSPORT="" if test -n "$POWERD_UPSPORT" ; then KILL_UPS_CMD="/sbin/genpowerd -k $POWERD_UPSPORT eff-shutup" fi POWER_STATUS=/var/run/powerstatus fi # # Kill UPS inverter (in the case of genpowerd) # if test -n "$KILL_UPS_CMD" -a -r $POWER_STATUS ; then read STATUS < $POWER_STATUS case "$STATUS" in F|FAIL) echo "Trying to kill UPS inverter" $KILL_UPS_CMD ;; esac else echo "Not implemented" fi ;; *) echo "Usage: $0 {start|now|killups|stop}" exit 1 ;; esac exit 0

the basic systemd service file - 3 parts

The init scripts are replaced by the systemd service file. Instead of many lines of scripts, the systemd service file has THREE parts: UNIT, SERVICE, INSTALL: [Unit] Description=Description of what the service does #(a unit is a device, process or component) After=syslog.target # (what is the antecedent activity) [Service] ExecStart=/usr/sbin/somecommand Type=forking [Install] WantedBy=multi-user.target
The [Unit] section contains information about the service. systemd manages system services, as well as devices, mount points, timer, and other system components. The generic term for all these objects in systemd is a unit, and the [Unit] section encodes information about it. ===================================================== [Service] encodes information about the service: It contains all those settings that apply only to services, and not the other kinds of units systemd maintains (mount points, devices, timers, ...). Two settings are used here: ExecStart= takes the path to the binary to execute when the service shall be started up. And with Type= we configure how the service notifies the init system that it finished starting up. Since traditional Unix daemons do this by returning to the parent process after having forked off and initialized the background daemon we set the type to forking here. That tells systemd to wait until the start-up binary returns and then consider the processes still running afterwards the daemon processes. ------------------------------------------------

example of systemd service file (sshd)

[/etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants] ------------------------------------------------ --> more sshd.service [Unit] Description=OpenSSH Daemon After=network.target [Service] EnvironmentFile=/etc/sysconfig/ssh ExecStartPre=/usr/sbin/sshd-gen-keys-start ExecStart=/usr/sbin/sshd -D $SSHD_OPTS ExecReload=/bin/kill -HUP $MAINPID KillMode=process Restart=always [Install] WantedBy=multi-user.target
------------------------------------------------ --> cat man.systemd.special.txt SYSTEMD.SPECIAL(7) systemd.special SYSTEMD.SPECIAL(7) NAME systemd.special - Special systemd units SYNOPSIS basic.target, bluetooth.target, ctrl-alt-del.target, cryptsetup.target, dbus.service, dbus.socket, default.target, display-manager.service, emergency.target, exit.target, final.target, getty.target, graphical.target, halt.target, hibernate.target, hybrid-sleep.target, initrd-fs.target, kbrequest.target, kexec.target, local-fs.target, local-fs-pre.target, multi-user.target, network.target, network-online.target, nss-lookup.target, nss-user-lookup.target, paths.target, poweroff.target, printer.target, reboot.target, remote-fs.target, remote-fs-pre.target, rescue.target, initrd-root-fs.target, rpcbind.target, runlevel2.target, runlevel3.target, runlevel4.target, runlevel5.target, shutdown.target, sigpwr.target, sleep.target, smartcard.target, sockets.target, sound.target, suspend.target, swap.target, sysinit.target, syslog.socket, system-update.target, time-sync.target, timers.target, umount.target, -.slice, system.slice, user.slice, machine.slice DESCRIPTION A few units are treated specially by systemd. They have special internal semantics and cannot be renamed. SPECIAL SYSTEM UNITS basic.target A special target unit covering basic boot-up. systemd automatically adds dependencies of the types Requires= and After= for this target unit to all services (except for those with DefaultDependencies=no). Usually this should pull-in all mount points, swap devices, sockets, timers, and path units and other basic initialization necessary for general purpose daemons. ...

REMEMBER, Linux consists of files and processes...

Linux consists of files which spawn and manage processes... initd is the "mother" of all processes... or was... systemd attempts to improve, streamline, parallelize the older style init.d scripts.
--> systemctl UNIT LOAD ACTIVE SUB DESCRIPTION proc-sys-fs-binfmt_misc.automount loaded active waiting Arbitrary Executable File Formats File System Automount Point sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:19.0-net-lan0.device loaded active plugged 82567V Gigabit Network Connection sys-devices-pci0000:00-0....0-usb3-3\x2d2-3\x2d2:1.0-bluetooth-hci0.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1a.0/usb3/3-2/3-2:1.0/bluetooth/hci0 sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:1b.0-sound-card0.device loaded active plugged 82801I (ICH9 Family) HD Audio Controller sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:1c.0-0000:01:00.0-net-radio.device loaded active plugged WiFi Link 5100 AGN sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:1c.0-0000:01:00.0-net-radioB.device loaded active plugged WiFi Link 5100 AGN sys-devices-pci0000:00-0...:1.0-host5-target5:0:0-5:0:0:0-block-sr0.device loaded active plugged Optical_Drive_Controller sys-devices-pci0000:00-0...host0-target0:0:0-0:0:0:0-block-sda-sda1.device loaded active plugged Samsung_SSD_840_EVO_250GB -------------------------------------------------------- --> systemctl -help systemctl [OPTIONS...] {COMMAND} ... Query or send control commands to the systemd manager. -h --help Show this help --version Show package version -t --type=TYPE List only units of a particular type --state=STATE List only units with particular LOAD or SUB or ACTIVE state -p --property=NAME Show only properties by this name -a --all Show all loaded units/properties, including dead/empty ones. To list all units installed on the system, use the 'list-unit-files' command instead. --reverse Show reverse dependencies with 'list-dependencies' -l --full Don't ellipsize unit names on output --fail When queueing a new job, fail if conflicting jobs are pending --irreversible When queueing a new job, make sure it cannot be implicitly cancelled --ignore-dependencies When queueing a new job, ignore all its dependencies --show-types When showing sockets, explicitly show their type -i --ignore-inhibitors When shutting down or sleeping, ignore inhibitors --kill-who=WHO Who to send signal to -s --signal=SIGNAL Which signal to send -H --host=[USER@]HOST Show information for remote host -P --privileged Acquire privileges before execution -q --quiet Suppress output --no-block Do not wait until operation finished --no-wall Don't send wall message before halt/power-off/reboot --no-reload When enabling/disabling unit files, don't reload daemon configuration --no-legend Do not print a legend (column headers and hints) --no-pager Do not pipe output into a pager --no-ask-password Do not ask for system passwords --system Connect to system manager --user Connect to user service manager --global Enable/disable unit files globally --runtime Enable unit files only temporarily until next reboot -f --force When enabling unit files, override existing symlinks When shutting down, execute action immediately --root=PATH Enable unit files in the specified root directory -n --lines=INTEGER Numer of journal entries to show -o --output=STRING Change journal output mode (short, short-monotonic, verbose, export, json, json-pretty, json-sse, cat) Unit Commands: list-units List loaded units list-sockets List loaded sockets ordered by address start [NAME...] Start (activate) one or more units stop [NAME...] Stop (deactivate) one or more units reload [NAME...] Reload one or more units restart [NAME...] Start or restart one or more units try-restart [NAME...] Restart one or more units if active reload-or-restart [NAME...] Reload one or more units if possible, otherwise start or restart reload-or-try-restart [NAME...] Reload one or more units if possible, otherwise restart if active isolate [NAME] Start one unit and stop all others kill [NAME...] Send signal to processes of a unit is-active [NAME...] Check whether units are active is-failed [NAME...] Check whether units are failed status [NAME...|PID...] Show runtime status of one or more units show [NAME...|JOB...] Show properties of one or more units/jobs or the manager set-property [NAME] [ASSIGNMENT...] Sets one or more properties of a unit help [NAME...|PID...] Show manual for one or more units reset-failed [NAME...] Reset failed state for all, one, or more units list-dependencies [NAME] Recursively show units which are required or wanted by this unit or by which this unit is required or wanted Unit File Commands: list-unit-files List installed unit files enable [NAME...] Enable one or more unit files disable [NAME...] Disable one or more unit files reenable [NAME...] Reenable one or more unit files preset [NAME...] Enable/disable one or more unit files based on preset configuration is-enabled [NAME...] Check whether unit files are enabled mask [NAME...] Mask one or more units unmask [NAME...] Unmask one or more units link [PATH...] Link one or more units files into the search path get-default Get the name of the default target set-default NAME Set the default target Job Commands: list-jobs List jobs cancel [JOB...] Cancel all, one, or more jobs Snapshot Commands: snapshot [NAME] Create a snapshot delete [NAME...] Remove one or more snapshots Environment Commands: show-environment Dump environment set-environment [NAME=VALUE...] Set one or more environment variables unset-environment [NAME...] Unset one or more environment variables Manager Lifecycle Commands: daemon-reload Reload systemd manager configuration daemon-reexec Reexecute systemd manager System Commands: default Enter system default mode rescue Enter system rescue mode emergency Enter system emergency mode halt Shut down and halt the system poweroff Shut down and power-off the system reboot Shut down and reboot the system kexec Shut down and reboot the system with kexec exit Request user instance exit switch-root [ROOT] [INIT] Change to a different root file system suspend Suspend the system hibernate Hibernate the system hybrid-sleep Hibernate and suspend the system
--> systemctl status ntpd.service ntp.service - LSB: Network time protocol daemon (ntpd) Loaded: loaded (/etc/init.d/ntp) Drop-In: /run/systemd/generator/ntp.service.d └─50-insserv.conf-$time.conf Active: active (running) since Mon 2015-04-06 17:44:11 PDT; 22h ago CGroup: /system.slice/ntp.service └─1482 /usr/sbin/ntpd -p /var/run/ntp/ntpd.pid -g -u ntp:ntp -i /var/lib/ntp -c /etc/ntp.conf ########################################################################################
--> systemctl | grep active | wc -l 134
--> systemctl | grep active | tail sockets.target loaded active active Sockets sound.target loaded active active Sound Card suspend.target loaded active active Suspend swap.target loaded active active Swap sysinit.target loaded active active System Initialization time-sync.target loaded active active System Time Synchronized timers.target loaded active active Timers systemd-readahead-done.timer loaded active elapsed Stop Read-Ahead Data Collection 10s After Completed Startup systemd-tmpfiles-clean.timer loaded active waiting Daily Cleanup of Temporary Directories 133 loaded units listed. Pass --all to see loaded but inactive units, too.

systemd uses Cgroups to manage processes and retain parentage

--> ps xawf -eo pid,user,cgroup,args ### alias psc='ps xawf -eo pid,user,cgroup,args' #### (vi .bashrc, add alias: alias psc='ps xawf -eo pid,user,cgroup,args' ) ------------------------------------------------ --> ps xawf -eo pid,user,cgroup,args | head PID USER CGROUP COMMAND 2 root - [kthreadd] 3 root - \_ [ksoftirqd/0] 5 root - \_ [kworker/0:0H] 7 root - \_ [migration/0] 8 root - \_ [rcuc/0] 9 root - \_ [rcub/0] 10 root - \_ [rcu_preempt] 11 root - \_ [rcu_bh] 12 root - \_ [rcu_sched] ------------------------------------------------ --> ps xawf -eo pid,user,cgroup,args | wc -l 193 ------------------------------------------------ --> ps xawf -eo pid,user,cgroup,args | tail 20408 john 2:name=systemd:/user.slice/ \_ /usr/bin/gnomesu -c /sbin/yast2 20410 root 2:name=systemd:/user.slice/ \_ /usr/lib/libgnomesu/gnomesu-pam-backend 12 11 root /sbin/yast2 20436 root 2:name=systemd:/user.slice/ \_ /bin/bash /sbin/yast2 20450 root 2:name=systemd:/user.slice/ \_ /usr/lib/YaST2/bin/y2controlcenter-gnome 20455 root 2:name=systemd:/user.slice/ dbus-launch --autolaunch=40799e14bc544bc2b3166783a7f6be02 --binary-syntax --close-stderr 20456 root 2:name=systemd:/user.slice/ /bin/dbus-daemon --fork --print-pid 5 --print-address 7 --session 26046 root 2:name=systemd:/system.slic /sbin/ifplugd -i lan0 -f -I -b 26190 root 2:name=systemd:/system.slic wpa_supplicant -iradioB -c/var/run/wpa_supplicant-radioB.conf -Dnl80211,wext -P/var/run/wpa_supplicant/radioB.pid -B 26352 avahi-a+ 2:name=systemd:/system.slic avahi-autoipd: [radioB] sleeping 26353 root 2:name=systemd:/system.slic \_ avahi-autoipd: [radioB] callout dispatcher
--> systemd-cgls --help systemd-cgls [OPTIONS...] [CGROUP...] Recursively show control group contents. -h --help Show this help --version Show package version --no-pager Do not pipe output into a pager -a --all Show all groups, including empty -l --full Do not ellipsize output -k Include kernel threads in output -M --machine Show container ------------------------------------------------ --> systemd-cgls | head ├─user.slice │ └─user-1000.slice │ ├─session-c1.scope │ │ ├─10429 /usr/NX/bin/nxnode.bin │ │ └─10512 /usr/NX/bin/nxclient.bin --monitor --pid 1712 │ ├─session-1.scope │ │ ├─ 615 systemd-cgls │ │ ├─ 620 head │ │ ├─ 1697 -:0 │ │ ├─ 1712 /usr/bin/ck-launch-session /usr/bin/ssh-agent /etc/X11/xinit/xi... ------------------------------------------------ --> systemd-cgls | wc -l 163 ------------------------------------------------ --> systemd-cgls | tail │ └─1682 /usr/sbin/cron -n ├─dbus.service │ └─614 /bin/dbus-daemon --system --address=systemd: --nofork --nopidfile -... ├─cups.service │ └─2155 /usr/sbin/cupsd -f ├─system-getty.slice │ └─getty@tty1.service │ └─1457 /sbin/agetty --noclear tty1 └─systemd-journald.service └─233 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-journald
------------------------------------------------ --> systemd-cgls -k #### (Note: if there are funky symbols to the left... go to your browser "View" or "Terminal" settings and select "Set Encoding" to UNICODE.) ├─ 2 [kthreadd] ├─ 3 [ksoftirqd/0] ├─ 5 [kworker/0:0H] ├─ 7 [migration/0] ├─ 8 [rcuc/0] ├─ 9 [rcub/0] ├─ 10 [rcu_preempt] ├─ 11 [rcu_bh] ├─ 12 [rcu_sched] ├─ 13 [watchdog/0] ├─ 14 [watchdog/1] ├─ 15 [rcuc/1] ├─ 16 [migration/1] ├─ 17 [ksoftirqd/1] ├─ 19 [kworker/1:0H] ├─ 20 [khelper] ├─ 21 [kdevtmpfs] ├─ 22 [netns] ├─ 23 [writeback] ├─ 24 [kintegrityd] ├─ 25 [bioset] ├─ 26 [kblockd] ├─ 27 [ata_sff] ├─ 28 [khubd] ├─ 29 [md] ├─ 32 [khungtaskd] ├─ 33 [kswapd0] ├─ 34 [ksmd] ├─ 35 [khugepaged] ├─ 36 [fsnotify_mark] ├─ 37 [crypto] ├─ 42 [kthrotld] ├─ 43 [scsi_eh_0] ├─ 44 [scsi_eh_1] ├─ 45 [scsi_eh_2] ├─ 46 [scsi_eh_3] ├─ 47 [scsi_eh_4] ├─ 53 [kpsmoused] ├─ 56 [deferwq] ├─ 91 [kmpath_rdacd] ├─ 119 [kworker/0:1H] ├─ 121 [kworker/1:1H] ├─ 192 [jbd2/sda6-8] ├─ 193 [ext4-rsv-conver] ├─ 194 [ext4-unrsv-conv] ├─ 234 [kauditd] ├─ 304 [cfg80211] ├─ 309 [irq/45-iwlwifi] ├─ 315 [scsi_eh_5] ├─ 316 [usb-storage] ├─ 318 [iwlwifi] ├─ 387 [hd-audio0] ├─17693 [kworker/u5:0] ├─17695 [hci0] ├─17696 [hci0] ├─17701 [kworker/u5:1] ├─28323 [kworker/0:1] ├─29674 [kworker/1:2] ├─29678 [kworker/0:0] ├─29828 [kworker/u4:2] ├─29878 [kworker/u4:0] ├─29908 [kworker/1:1] ├─29983 [kworker/u4:1] ├─user.slice │ └─user-1000.slice │ ├─session-c1.scope │ │ ├─10429 /usr/NX/bin/nxnode.bin │ │ └─10512 /usr/NX/bin/nxclient.bin --monitor --pid 1712 │ ├─session-1.scope │ │ ├─ 1697 -:0 │ │ ├─ 1712 /usr/bin/ck-launch-session /usr/bin/ssh-agent /etc/X11/xinit/xinitrc │ │ ├─ 1770 dbus-launch --sh-syntax --exit-with-session --close-stderr │ │ ├─ 1771 /bin/dbus-daemon --fork --print-pid 5 --print-address 7 --session │ │ ├─ 1773 ibus-daemon --xim -d

activated vsftp... using the GUI tool... however...

------------------------------------------------ ######################################################################################## ### using systemctl, tried to reload after adding a feature to /etc/vsftp.conf #### the system is running the service, can FTP to it... but it's not right, need to restart it... ######################################################################################## --> systemctl reload vsftp.service Failed to issue method call: Unit vsftp.service failed to load: No such file or directory. ------------------------------------------------ ######################################################################################## ##### the status is not found... but it's running... ??? ######################################################################################## --> systemctl status vsftp.service vsftp.service Loaded: not-found (Reason: No such file or directory) Active: inactive (dead) ------------------------------------------------ --> systemctl | grep ftp vsftpd.service loaded active running Vsftpd ftp daemon ------------------------------------------------ --> systemctl UNIT LOAD ACTIVE SUB DESCRIPTION ... vsftpd.service loaded active running Vsftpd ftp daemon ... ------------------------------------------------ ######################################################################################## # looking for the file(s)... got those annoying gvfs errors... remembered 2>/dev/null... however... ######################################################################################## find . -type f -name vsftp* -print ### trying to get rid of "Permission denied" caused by gvfs... --> find . -type f -name vsftpd* -print | grep -v 4tb | grep -v "Permission denied" 2>/dev/null find: ‘./run/user/1002/gvfs’: Permission denied find: ‘./run/user/1000/gvfs’: Permission denied ######################################################################################## #### NOTE: had to put the error redirect BEFORE the first pipe... ######################################################################################## --> find / -type f -name vsftpd* 2>/dev/null | grep -v 4tb | grep -v home | grep -v gvfs | grep -v EXAMPLE | grep -v share /etc/vsftpd.conf.orig-7apr2015 ### backup copy BEFORE I tweaked the config... /etc/xinetd.d/vsftpd /etc/pam.d/vsftpd /etc/vsftpd.conf /etc/logrotate.d/vsftpd /etc/sysconfig/SuSEfirewall2.d/services/vsftpd #### if services are blocked check for a firewall... /var/lib/systemd/migrated/vsftpd@ /var/lib/systemd/migrated/vsftpd /var/log/vsftpd.log /usr/lib/systemd/system/vsftpd.service ###### this is the file that should be used... and linked to in /etc/systemd /usr/lib/systemd/system/vsftpd.socket /usr/lib/systemd/system/vsftpd@.service /usr/sbin/vsftpd ------------------------------------------------ ######################################################################################## ### tweaking the config files for very secure ftd ######################################################################################## --> more /etc/xinetd.d/vsftpd # default: off # description: # The vsftpd FTP server serves FTP connections. It uses # normal, unencrypted usernames and passwords for authentication. # vsftpd is designed to be secure. # # NOTE: This file contains the configuration for xinetd to start vsftpd. # the configuration file for vsftp itself is in /etc/vsftpd.conf # # NOTE: Remember to set both listen and listen_ipv6 to NO in /etc/vsftpd.conf # in order to have working xinetd connection. # service ftp { socket_type = stream protocol = tcp wait = no user = root server = /usr/sbin/vsftpd server_args = /etc/vsftpd.conf # log_on_success += DURATION USERID log_on_success += DURATION USERID # log_on_failure += USERID log_on_failure += USERID # nice = 10 nice = 10 # disable = yes disable = no } ######################################################################################## ### this is the systemd service file for vsftpd.service ######################################################################################## ------------------------------------------------ --> more /usr/lib/systemd/system/vsftpd.service [Unit] Description=Vsftpd ftp daemon After=network.target [Service] ExecStart=/usr/sbin/vsftpd /etc/vsftpd.conf [Install] WantedBy=multi-user.target ######################################################################################################## ### the service file is NOT linkind in /etc/systemd/system... (but is in the multi-user.target.wants) ######################################################################################################## ------------------------------------------------ [/etc/systemd/system] ------------------------------------------------ --> ll total 32 drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Nov 6 2013 bluetooth.target.wants lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 36 Nov 6 2013 cupsd.service -> /usr/lib/systemd/system/cups.service lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 41 Nov 6 2013 dbus-org.bluez.service -> /usr/lib/systemd/system/bluetooth.service lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 44 Nov 6 2013 dbus-org.freedesktop.Avahi.service -> /usr/lib/systemd/system/avahi-daemon.service lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 44 Nov 6 2013 dbus-org.freedesktop.ModemManager1.service -> /usr/lib/systemd/system/ModemManager.service lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 40 Oct 28 23:39 default.target -> /usr/lib/systemd/system/runlevel5.target drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 28 23:37 default.target.wants drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Nov 6 2013 getty.target.wants drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Nov 6 2013 graphical.target.wants drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Apr 7 20:43 multi-user.target.wants drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Nov 6 2013 printer.target.wants drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 28 23:27 sockets.target.wants lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 39 Nov 6 2013 syslog.service -> /usr/lib/systemd/system/rsyslog.service drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Nov 6 2013 system-update.target.wants ------------------------------------------------ ######################################################################################## ### so, I tried to fix by creating a symlink to the service file in /etc/systemd/system... ######################################################################################## --> ln -s /usr/lib/systemd/system/vsftpd.service vsftpd.service ------------------------------------------------ [/etc/systemd/system] ------------------------------------------------ --> ll total 32 ... lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 38 Apr 7 22:55 vsftpd.service -> /usr/lib/systemd/system/vsftpd.service ------------------------------------------------ ###################################################################################################### #### that was suggested by: https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?id=155714 and seemed like a good idea... #### suggested: systemctl enable some.service .... #### didn't work, BUT did notice that it was symlinked in mutliuser.wants ## so... remove the link in /etc/systemd/system because it was linked and found by systemctl. --> rm vsftpd.service rm: remove symbolic link ‘vsftpd.service’? y #### notice I did NOT use a -f, let the system default to its "-i" mode as configured by an alias ###################################################################################################### ------------------------------------------------ [/etc/systemd/system] ------------------------------------------------ --> ll multi-user.target.wants/ total 0 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 44 Nov 6 2013 ModemManager.service -> /usr/lib/systemd/system/ModemManager.service lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 39 Oct 29 11:06 apache2.service -> /usr/lib/systemd/system/apache2.service lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 44 Nov 6 2013 avahi-daemon.service -> /usr/lib/systemd/system/avahi-daemon.service lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 36 Nov 6 2013 cron.service -> /usr/lib/systemd/system/cron.service lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 33 Nov 6 2013 cups.path -> /usr/lib/systemd/system/cups.path lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 39 Nov 6 2013 network.service -> /usr/lib/systemd/system/network.service lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 36 Nov 6 2013 nscd.service -> /usr/lib/systemd/system/nscd.service lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 36 Mar 31 22:58 nxserver.service -> /lib/systemd/system/nxserver.service lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 39 Nov 6 2013 postfix.service -> /usr/lib/systemd/system/postfix.service lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 45 Nov 6 2013 purge-kernels.service -> /usr/lib/systemd/system/purge-kernels.service lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 40 Nov 6 2013 remote-fs.target -> /usr/lib/systemd/system/remote-fs.target lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 39 Nov 6 2013 rsyslog.service -> /usr/lib/systemd/system/rsyslog.service lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 36 Oct 28 23:40 sshd.service -> /usr/lib/systemd/system/sshd.service lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 38 Apr 7 20:43 vsftpd.service -> /usr/lib/systemd/system/vsftpd.service lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 46 Nov 6 2013 wpa_supplicant.service -> /usr/lib/systemd/system/wpa_supplicant.service ####################################################################################### ############### WARNING: SYS ADMIN SIDE TRIP ###################################### ### while testing commands, tried status on sshd and found a failed login for root... say what? #### my server is configured NOT to allow root login... (as should yours...) #### so at first I did a reverse DNS lookup... (look up the host by the IP address) #### no host identified, so I did a traceroute... #### then... well... you'll see... ######################################################################################## --> systemctl status sshd.service sshd.service - OpenSSH Daemon Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/sshd.service; enabled) Active: active (running) since Mon 2015-03-16 19:35:20 PDT; 3 weeks 1 days ago Main PID: 1087 (sshd) CGroup: /system.slice/sshd.service ├─1087 /usr/sbin/sshd -D ├─5937 sshd: root [priv] ├─5938 sshd: root [net] └─5939 sshd: root [pam] Apr 07 23:00:23 JohnMeister sshd[5927]: error: PAM: Authentication failure for root from 43.255.191.143 Apr 07 23:00:23 JohnMeister sshd[5927]: Received disconnect from 43.255.191.143: 11: [preauth] Apr 07 23:00:24 JohnMeister sshd[5934]: pam_unix(sshd:auth): authentication failure; logname= uid=0 euid=0 tty=ssh ruser= rhost=43.255.191.143 user=root Apr 07 23:00:26 JohnMeister sshd[5932]: error: PAM: Authentication failure for root from 43.255.191.143 Apr 07 23:00:26 JohnMeister sshd[5935]: pam_unix(sshd:auth): authentication failure; logname= uid=0 euid=0 tty=ssh ruser= rhost=43.255.191.143 user=root Apr 07 23:00:28 JohnMeister sshd[5932]: error: PAM: Authentication failure for root from 43.255.191.143 Apr 07 23:00:28 JohnMeister sshd[5936]: pam_unix(sshd:auth): authentication failure; logname= uid=0 euid=0 tty=ssh ruser= rhost=43.255.191.143 user=root Apr 07 23:00:31 JohnMeister sshd[5932]: error: PAM: Authentication failure for root from 43.255.191.143 Apr 07 23:00:31 JohnMeister sshd[5932]: Received disconnect from 43.255.191.143: 11: [preauth] Apr 07 23:00:31 JohnMeister sshd[5939]: pam_unix(sshd:auth): authentication failure; logname= uid=0 euid=0 tty=ssh ruser= rhost=43.255.191.143 user=root ######################################################################################## ------------------------------------------------ --> nslookup 43.255.191.143 Server: 8.8.8.8 Address: 8.8.8.8#53 ** server can't find 143.191.255.43.in-addr.arpa.: NXDOMAIN ######################################################################################## ------------------------------------------------ --> traceroute 43.255.191.143 traceroute to 43.255.191.143 (43.255.191.143), 30 hops max, 60 byte packets 1 75-146-49-226-Washington.hfc.comcastbusiness.net (75.146.49.226) 0.551 ms 3.206 ms 3.617 ms 2 * * * 3 te-0-0-0-14-sur02.everett.wa.seattle.comcast.net (68.85.240.145) 22.285 ms 23.350 ms 23.539 ms 4 be-1-sur03.everett.wa.seattle.comcast.net (69.139.164.222) 23.704 ms 23.896 ms 23.786 ms 5 he-0-15-0-1-ar01.seattle.wa.seattle.comcast.net (68.85.240.94) 24.326 ms be-29-ar01.seattle.wa.seattle.comcast.net (69.139.164.217) 24.065 ms he-0-13-0-0-ar01.seattle.wa.seattle.comcast.net (68.86.177.146) 24.580 ms 6 be-33650-cr02.seattle.wa.ibone.comcast.net (68.86.93.165) 25.147 ms 15.867 ms 16.663 ms 7 be-11021-cr01.sanjose.ca.ibone.comcast.net (68.86.85.197) 34.836 ms 35.076 ms 43.146 ms 8 * * * 9 he-0-11-0-1-pe03.11greatoaks.ca.ibone.comcast.net (68.86.85.242) 40.087 ms he-0-10-0-1-pe03.11greatoaks.ca.ibone.comcast.net (68.86.85.234) 41.077 ms he-0-11-0-1-pe03.11greatoaks.ca.ibone.comcast.net (68.86.85.242) 42.019 ms 10 66.208.216.42 (66.208.216.42) 43.481 ms 43.352 ms 35.044 ms 11 * * * 12 202.97.49.145 (202.97.49.145) 41.433 ms 41.360 ms 44.236 ms 13 203.14.186.2 (203.14.186.2) 43.272 ms 42.661 ms 41.216 ms 14 218.30.44.30 (218.30.44.30) 40.857 ms 218.30.44.10 (218.30.44.10) 39.101 ms 218.30.44.6 (218.30.44.6) 42.386 ms 15 43.255.191.143 (43.255.191.143) 39.524 ms 39.278 ms 38.628 ms ------------------------------------------------ ######################################################################################################### #### SIDE TRIP note: googled the IP: bingo... hacker... (no surprise...) in Japan, or Hong Kong... ### (there are constant attacks on linux systems, they try to log in with every name they can #### think of, especially root... therefore you MUST have good passwords, and NOT allow root login.) ### the IP address is well known... only blacklisted on a few sites... I didn't take the time to report #### it because there wasn't a breach and others have already identifed it as a risk... ### I checked three sites that come up via google (Be VERY, VERY careful doing this... do NOT use #### a Microsoft System to search for this kind of info, and NEVER use Internet Explorer... ever...) ### Even your Mozilla Firefox should have add-ons to block autoplay and flash and javascript... ######################################################################################################### http://whois.ipchecker.info/43.255.191.143 Whois Lookup IP 43.255.191.143 Home » Whois Lookup IP 43.255.191.143 Whois Lookup for IP 43.255.191.143, Detail IP Location in Hong Kong country, Region Asia - Eastern Asia, state, city, Coordinates map have Latitude 22.25 and Longitude 114.1667. If you want call to Hong Kong use Calling Code 852. Currency in Hong Kong is HKD --------------------------------------------------------------------- https://www.blocklist.de/en/view.html?ip=43.255.191.143 --> Your Result to the Request IP: ** 43.255.191.143 ** 109 matches --------------------------------------------------------------------- http://www.anti-hacker-alliance.com/index.php?details=43.255.191.143 --------------------------------------------------------------------- Checking 43.255.191.143 against 89 known blacklists... Listed 4 times with 0 timeouts IP Address Information IP Address43.255.191.143 Hostname43.255.191.143 NetworkAsia Pacific Network Information Centre Country JP - JAPAN Latitude36 Longitude138 IP Range 43.244.224.0 - 43.255.255.255 IP NetworkAmerican Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN) IP Whois network Inetnum43.0.0.0 - 43.255.255.255 NameAPNIC-ERX-43 HandleNET-43-0-0-0-1 StatusEarly Registrations, Maintained by APNIC Created1989-02-21 Changed2012-01-24 owner OrganizationAsia Pacific Network Information Centre address StreetPO Box 3646 CitySouth Brisbane StateQLD Pcode4101 CountryAU tech HandleAWC12-ARIN NameAPNIC Whois Contact Phone+61 7 3858 3188 EmailSearch-apnic-not-arin@apnic.net abuse HandleAWC12-ARIN NameAPNIC Whois Contact Phone+61 7 3858 3188 EmailSearch-apnic-not-arin@apnic.net DisclaimerARIN WHOIS data and services are subject to the Terms of Use available at: https://www.arin.net/whois_tou.html If you see inaccuracies in the results, please report at http://www.arin.net/public/whoisinaccuracy/index.xhtml Query terms are ambiguous. The query is assumed to be: "n 43.255.191.143" Use "?" to get help. The following results may also be obtained via: http://whois.arin.net/rest/nets;q=43.255.191.143?showDetails=true&showARIN=false&ext=netref2 DescThis IP address range is not registered in the ARIN database. For details, refer to the APNIC Whois Database via WHOIS.APNIC.NET or http://wq.apnic.net/apnic-bin/whois.pl ** IMPORTANT NOTE: APNIC is the Regional Internet Registry for the Asia Pacific region. APNIC does not operate networks using this IP address range and is not able to investigate spam or abuse reports relating to these addresses. For more help, refer to http://www.apnic.net/apnic-info/whois_search2/abuse-and-spamming ------------------------------------------------ ######################################################################################## #### END SIDE TRIP - the life of a Sys Admin has many... resuming the original problem... ######################################################################################## ------------------------------------------------ [/etc/systemd/system] ------------------------------------------------ --> systemctl list-unit-files | grep vsftp vsftpd.service enabled vsftpd@.service static vsftpd.socket disabled ------------------------------------------------ ######################################################################################## --> ftp server.com Connected to server.com. 220 (vsFTPd 3.0.2) Name (server.com:me): 331 Please specify the password. Password: 230 Login successful. Remote system type is UNIX. Using binary mode to transfer files. ftp> dir 229 Entering Extended Passive Mode (|||30062|). 150 Here comes the directory listing. .... files shown 226 Directory send OK. ftp> cd bin 250 Directory successfully changed. ftp> dir 229 Entering Extended Passive Mode (|||30045|). 150 Here comes the directory listing. .... files shown 226 Directory send OK. ftp> get tree.txt local: tree.txt remote: tree.txt 229 Entering Extended Passive Mode (|||30042|). 150 Opening BINARY mode data connection for tree.txt (248995 bytes). 100% |*************************************************243 KiB 5.36 MiB/s 00:00 ETA 500 OOPS: 421 Service not available, remote server has closed connection. 248995 bytes received in 00:00 (3.18 MiB/s) ftp: No control connection for command ftp> quit ------------------------------------------ ######################################################################################## # perplexed... but it's working... but... not as I expected it too... the 500 OOPS: 421 Service error ### suggests a configuration issue, further study with google is necessary... it's likely in my ### /etc/vsftpd.conf file... I have several from other servers that I'll try later... at this point ### the service invoked this evening is working sufficiently to test an FTP activity from a camera to ### build a Time Lapse image via a crontab later... #### In addition, I need to continue researching to build a systemd service file #### for the license server... remember the license server? That was what started this quest for knowledge... ######################################################################################## ### at 0117 hrs... success... vsftp is working and passing tests... ### made some changes to /etc/xinet.d/vsftpd and /etc/vsftpd.conf and then executed: ######################################################################################## --> systemctl restart vsftpd ######################################################################################## ### and it worked... not reload... restart... reload should have worked to reload #### the configuration file... but the system service file suggests a restart. ######################################################################################## --> ftp server.com Connected to server.com. 220 (vsFTPd 3.0.2) Name (server.com:user): 331 Please specify the password. Password: 230 Login successful. Remote system type is UNIX. Using binary mode to transfer files. ftp> dir 229 Entering Extended Passive Mode (|||30011|). 150 Here comes the directory listing. drwx------ 2 1000 100 4096 Jan 01 17:09 Mail -rwxr--r-- 2 1000 100 4096 Jan 01 17:09 file.txt 226 Directory send OK. ftp> get file.txt local: file.txt remote: file.txt 229 Entering Extended Passive Mode (|||30068|). 150 Opening BINARY mode data connection for file.txt (1112 bytes). 100% |*****************************************1112 102.44 KiB/s 00:00 ETA 226 Transfer complete. 1112 bytes received in 00:00 (87.93 KiB/s) ftp> quit 221 Goodbye. ######################################################################################## ------------------------------------------------ --> find / -type f -name vsftpd* 2>/dev/null | grep -v 4tb | grep -v home /etc/vsftpd.conf.orig-7apr2015 /etc/xinetd.d/vsftpd #### edited /etc/pam.d/vsftpd /etc/vsftpd.conf #### edited /etc/logrotate.d/vsftpd /etc/sysconfig/SuSEfirewall2.d/services/vsftpd /var/lib/systemd/migrated/vsftpd@ /var/lib/systemd/migrated/vsftpd /var/log/vsftpd.log /usr/lib/systemd/system/vsftpd.service /usr/lib/systemd/system/vsftpd.socket /usr/lib/systemd/system/vsftpd@.service /usr/sbin/vsftpd /usr/share/man/man5/vsftpd.conf.5.gz /usr/share/man/man8/vsftpd.8.gz /usr/share/doc/packages/vsftpd/EXAMPLE/VIRTUAL_USERS/vsftpd.pam /usr/share/doc/packages/vsftpd/EXAMPLE/VIRTUAL_USERS/vsftpd.conf /usr/share/doc/packages/vsftpd/EXAMPLE/INTERNET_SITE/vsftpd.conf /usr/share/doc/packages/vsftpd/EXAMPLE/INTERNET_SITE/vsftpd.xinetd /usr/share/doc/packages/vsftpd/EXAMPLE/INTERNET_SITE_NOINETD/vsftpd.conf /usr/share/augeas/lenses/dist/vsftpd.aug /usr/share/omc/svcinfo.d/vsftpd.xml ------------------------------------------------ ########################################################################################

links for further reading...

links are not active, copy and paste #1: Verifying Bootup http://0pointer.de/blog/projects/systemd-for-admins-1.html #2: Which Service Owns Which Processes? http://0pointer.de/blog/projects/systemd-for-admins-2.html #3: How Do I Convert A SysV Init Script Into A systemd Service File? http://0pointer.de/blog/projects/systemd-for-admins-3.html #4: Killing Services http://0pointer.de/blog/projects/systemd-for-admins-4.html #5: The Three Levels of "Off" http://0pointer.de/blog/projects/three-levels-of-off #6: Changing Roots http://0pointer.de/blog/projects/changing-roots.html #7: The Blame Game http://0pointer.de/blog/projects/blame-game.html #8: The New Configuration Files http://0pointer.de/blog/projects/the-new-configuration-files #9: On /etc/sysconfig and /etc/default http://0pointer.de/blog/projects/on-etc-sysinit.html #10: Instantiated Services http://0pointer.de/blog/projects/instances.html #11: Converting inetd Services http://0pointer.de/blog/projects/inetd.html #12: Securing Your Services http://0pointer.de/blog/projects/security.html #13: Log and Service Status http://0pointer.de/blog/projects/systemctl-journal.html #14: The Self-Explanatory Boot http://0pointer.de/blog/projects/self-documented-boot.html #15: Watchdogs http://0pointer.de/blog/projects/watchdog.html #16: Gettys on Serial Consoles (and Elsewhere) http://0pointer.de/blog/projects/serial-console.html #17: Using the Journal http://0pointer.de/blog/projects/journalctl.html #18: Managing Resources http://0pointer.de/blog/projects/resources.html #19: Detecting Virtualization http://0pointer.de/blog/projects/detect-virt.html #20: Socket Activated Internet Services and OS Containers http://0pointer.de/blog/projects/socket-activated-containers.html #21: Container Integration http://0pointer.net/blog/systemd-for-administrators-part-xxi.html see also: http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/

summary of systemd: systemctl and journalctl commands

displaying systemd values:

  • systemctl list-jobs display active systemd jobs
  • systemctl list-units displays status of units, loaded/active
  • systemctl list-unit-files display unit files and states
  • systemctl list-dependencies display the dependencies for a unit
  • systemctl list-sockets display sockets and activities
  • systemctl get-default display default target (cf. run level)

managing systemd services: (/service-name/)

  • systemctl status /service-name/ display status of service
  • systemctl show /service-name/ show properties of a service
  • systemctl enable /service-name/ enable a service to start on boot
  • systemctl start /service-name/ manually start a service
  • systemctl reload /service-name/ manually reload config files for a service
  • systemctl restart /service-name/ manually restart a running service
  • systemctl stop /service-name/ manually stop a running service
  • systemctl disable /service-name/ disable a service so it won't start on boot
  • systemctl -H /hostname/ status network run systemctl commands remotely

changing systemd states:

  • systemctl reboot reboot (reboot.target)
  • systemctl default returns to default (multi-user.target)
  • systemctl emergency enter emergency mode (emergency.target)
  • systemctl poweroff power down (poweroff.target)

viewing journalctl logs:

  • journalctl display log messages
  • journalctl -f tail log messages - real time viewing
  • journalctl -k display kernel messages
  • journalctl -u network.service display network messages

NOTES: when executed as a mere mortal: --> journalctl Hint: You are currently not seeing messages from other users and the system. Users in the 'systemd-journal' group can see all messages. Pass -q to turn off this notice.
--> sudo journalctl -- Logs begin at Mon 2016-11-21 00:02:13 PST, end at Fri 2018-03-09 17:42:54 PST. -- Nov 21 00:02:13 linux-ivfk systemd-journald[108]: Runtime journal (/run/log/journal/) is currently using 8.0M. Maximum allowed usage is set to 395.8M. Leaving at least 593.7M free (of currently available 3.8G of space). Enforced usage limit is thus 395.8M, of which 387.8M are still available.

---> Major sections of JohnMeister.com - Linux, Jeep, Tech, Bible, Fotos:



---> FOTOS by john      2018 fotos - updated often, listed by dates, general subject in title



---> The Bible - truly, an all time best seller, a MUST READ! - Read the Bible in ONE Year, or just read a few chapters right here!

bottom line: Trust Jesus

You can Trust Jesus
because you can
trust the Bible
- details are analyzed to show the accuracy and logic of the Bible so that you can trust it.



Major Sections of the Bible
The Bible - 8 major sections OLD Testament: 23,145 vs 929 chapters 39 Books
NEW Testament: 7,957 vs 260 chapters 27 Books
Bible: 31,102 vs 1,189 chapters 66 Books Read the Bible in 1 year - 3 chapters a day John 1:1 In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.
2 He was in the beginning with God. 3 All things came into being through Him, and apart from Him nothing came into being that has come into being. (NASB: New American Standard Bible)
Luke 24:44-47 Now He said to them, "These are My words which I spoke to you while I was still with you, that all things which are written about Me in the Law of Moses and the Prophets and the Psalms must be fulfilled." 45 Then He opened their minds to understand the Scriptures, 46 and He said to them, "Thus it is written, that the Christ would suffer and rise again from the dead the third day, 47 and that repentance for forgiveness of sins would be proclaimed in His name to all the nations, beginning from Jerusalem. (NASB)
the Sections: Books in section: Selected verse from section:
1) THE LAW Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy Exodus 3:14 God said to Moses, "I AM WHO I AM"; and He said, "Thus you shall say to the sons of Israel, 'I AM has sent me to you.'" (NASB)
2) HISTORY Joshua, Judges, Ruth, 1 Samuel, 2 Samuel,1 Kings, 2 Kings, 1 Chronicles, 2 Chronicles, Ezra, Nehemiah, Esther Nehemiah 1:7 We have acted very corruptly against You and have not kept the commandments, nor the statutes, nor the ordinances which You commanded Your servant Moses.(NASB)
3) WISDOM (Psalms) Job, Psalms, Proverbs, Ecclesiates, Song of Solomon Proverbs 3:13 How blessed is the man who finds wisdom And the man who gains understanding. (NASB)
4) PROPHETS Isaiah, Jeremiah, Lamentations, Ezekiel, Daniel, Hosea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi Daniel 10:14 Now I have come to give you an understanding of what will happen to your people in the latter days, for the vision pertains to the days yet future." (NASB)
5) GOSPELS Matthew, Mark, Luke, John, Acts John 8:58 Jesus said to them, "Truly, truly, I say to you, before Abraham was born, I am." (NASB)
6) PAUL Romans, First Corinthians, Second Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, First Thessalonians, Second Thessalonians, First Timothy, Second Timothy, Titus, Philemon 1 Timothy 2:7 For this I was appointed a preacher and an apostle (I am telling the truth, I am not lying) as a teacher of the Gentiles in faith and truth. (NASB)
7) LETTERS Hebrews, James, First Peter, Second Peter, First John, Second John, Third John, Jude Hebrews 1:1-2 God, after He spoke long ago to the fathers in the prophets in many portions and in many ways, 2 in these last days has spoken to us in His Son, whom He appointed heir of all things, through whom also He made the world. (NASB)
8) REVELATION Revelation Revelation 19:10b For the testimony of Jesus is the spirit of prophecy." (NASB)
---> Promises and Prophets

a one page diagram of Promises-n-Prophets
...about the Word... from a few prophets:

from Isaiah, circa 700 BC:

Isa 29:11 The entire vision will be to you like the words of a sealed book, which when they give it to the one who is literate, saying," Please read this," he will say," I cannot, for it is sealed."
Isa 29:12 Then the book will be given to the one who is illiterate, saying," Please read this." And he will say," I cannot read."
Isa 29:13 Then the Lord said," Because this people draw near with their words And honor Me with their lip service,
But they remove their hearts far from Me, And their reverence for Me consists of tradition learned by rote,
Isa 29:14 Therefore behold, I will once again deal marvelously with this people, wondrously marvelous; And the wisdom of their wise men will perish, And the discernment of their discerning men will be concealed."
Isa 29:15 Woe to those who deeply hide their plans from the Lord, And whose deeds are done in a dark place, And they say," Who sees us?" or" Who knows us?"
Isa 29:16 You turn things around! Shall the potter be considered as equal with the clay, That what is made would say to its maker," He did not make me"; Or what is formed say to him who formed it," He has no understanding"?

from Daniel, circa 604-535 BC

Dan 12:1 "Now at that time Michael, the great prince who stands guard over the sons of your people, will arise. And there will be a time of distress such as never occurred since there was a nation until that time; and at that time your people, everyone who is found written in the book, will be rescued.
Dan 12:2 Many of those who sleep in the dust of the ground will awake, these to everlasting life, but the others to disgrace and everlasting contempt.
Dan 12:3 Those who have insight will shine brightly like the brightness of the expanse of heaven, and those who lead the many to righteousness, like the stars forever and ever.
Dan 12:4 But as for you, Daniel, conceal these words and seal up the book until the end of time; many will go back and forth, and knowledge will increase."
Dan 12:5 Then I, Daniel, looked and behold, two others were standing, one on this bank of the river and the other on that bank of the river.
Dan 12:6 And one said to the man dressed in linen, who was above the waters of the river," How long will it be until the end of these wonders?"
Dan 12:7 I heard the man dressed in linen, who was above the waters of the river, as he raised his right hand and his left toward heaven, and swore by Him who lives forever that it would be for a time, times, and half a time; and as soon as they finish shattering the power of the holy people, all these events will be completed.
Dan 12:8 As for me, I heard but could not understand; so I said," My lord, what will be the outcome of these events?"
Dan 12:9 He said,"Go your way, Daniel, for these words are concealed and sealed up until the end time.
Dan 12:10 Many will be purged, purified and refined, but the wicked will act wickedly; and none of the wicked will understand, but those who have insight will understand.
Dan 12:11 From the time that the regular sacrifice is abolished and the abomination of desolation is set up, there will be 1,290 days.
Dan 12:12 How blessed is he who keeps waiting and attains to the 1,335 days!
Dan 12:13 But as for you, go your way to the end; then you will enter into rest and rise again for your allotted portion at the end of the age." (nas)

additional verses about the Word, faith and the life... don't just read, consider them:

Psa 119:9 How can a young man keep his way pure? By keeping it according to Your word.
Psa 119:10 With all my heart I have sought You; Do not let me wander from Your commandments.
Psa 119:11 Your word I have treasured in my heart, That I may not sin against You. (nas)
Psa 119:12 Blessed are You, O Lord; Teach me Your statutes. (nas)

Pro 3:5 Trust in the Lord with all your heart And do not lean on your own understanding.
Pro 3:6 In all your ways acknowledge Him, And He will make your paths straight.
Pro 3:7 Do not be wise in your own eyes; Fear the Lord and turn away from evil.

Jos 1:8 This book of the law shall not depart from your mouth, but you shall meditate on it day and night, so that you may be careful to do according to all that is written in it; for then you will make your way prosperous, and then you will have success. (nas)

Pro 1:1 The proverbs of Solomon the son of David, king of Israel: (nas)
Pro 1:2 To know wisdom and instruction, To discern the sayings of understanding, (nas)
Pro 1:3 To receive instruction in wise behavior, Righteousness, justice and equity; (nas)
Pro 1:4 To give prudence to the naive, To the youth knowledge and discretion, (nas)
Pro 1:5 A wise man will hear and increase in learning, And a man of understanding will acquire wise counsel, (nas)
Pro 1:6 To understand a proverb and a figure, The words of the wise and their riddles. (nas)
Pro 1:7 The fear of the Lord is the beginning of knowledge; Fools despise wisdom and instruction. (nas)

Ecl 3:1 There is an appointed time for everything. And there is a time for every event under heaven" ...
Ecl 3:9 What profit is there to the worker from that in which he toils?
Ecl 3:10 I have seen the task which God has given the sons of men with which to occupy themselves.
Ecl 3:11 He has made everything appropriate in its time. He has also set eternity in their heart,
yet so that man will not find out the work which God has done from the beginning even to the end.
Ecl 3:12 I know that there is nothing better for them than to rejoice and to do good in one's lifetime;
Ecl 3:13 moreover, that every man who eats and drinks sees good in all his labor - it is the gift of God.
Ecl 3:14 I know that everything God does will remain forever; there is nothing to add to it and there is nothing to take from it, for God has so worked that men should fear Him.
Ecl 3:15 That which is has been already and that which will be has already been, for God seeks what has passed by.
Ecl 3:16 Furthermore, I have seen under the sun that in the place of justice there is wickedness and in the place of righteousness there is wickedness.
Ecl 3:17 I said to myself," God will judge both the righteous man and the wicked man," for a time for every matter and for every deed is there.
Ecl 3:22 I have seen that nothing is better than that man should be happy in his activities, for that is his lot. For who will bring him to see what will occur after him?

Ecl 12:1 Remember also your Creator in the days of your youth, before the evil days come and the years draw near when you will say," I have no delight in them";
Ecl 12:2 before the sun and the light, the moon and the stars are darkened, and clouds return after the rain; ...
Ecl 12:7 then the dust will return to the earth as it was, and the spirit will return to God who gave it.
Ecl 12:8 "Vanity of vanities," says the Preacher,"all is vanity!" Purpose of the Preacher
Ecl 12:9 In addition to being a wise man, the Preacher also taught the people knowledge; and he pondered, searched out and arranged many proverbs.
Ecl 12:10 The Preacher sought to find delightful words and to write words of truth correctly.
Ecl 12:11 The words of wise men are like goads, and masters of these collections are like well-driven nails; they are given by one Shepherd.
Ecl 12:12 But beyond this, my son, be warned: the writing of many books is endless, and excessive devotion to books is wearying to the body.
Ecl 12:13 The conclusion, when all has been heard, is: fear God and keep His commandments, because this applies to every person.
Ecl 12:14 For God will bring every act to judgment, everything which is hidden, whether it is good or evil.

Jn 1:1 In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.
Jn 1:2 He was in the beginning with God.
Jn 1:3 All things came into being through Him, and apart from Him nothing came into being that has come into being.
Jn 1:4 In Him was life, and the life was the Light of men.
Jn 1:5 The Light shines in the darkness, and the darkness did not comprehend it.
Jn 1:14 And the Word became flesh, and dwelt among us, and we saw His glory, glory as of the only begotten from the Father, full of grace and truth.

Jn 14:1 "Do not let your heart be troubled; believe in God, believe also in Me.
Jn 14:15 "If you love Me, you will keep My commandments.
Jn 14:26 But the Helper, the Holy Spirit, whom the Father will send in My name, He will teach you all things, and bring to your remembrance all that I said to you.
Jn 14:27 Peace I leave with you; My peace I give to you; not as the world gives do I give to you. Do not let your heart be troubled, nor let it be fearful.

Jn 17:12 While I was with them, I was keeping them in Your name which You have given Me; and I guarded them and not one of them perished but the son of perdition, so that the Scripture would be fulfilled.
Jn 17:13 But now I come to You; and these things I speak in the world so that they may have My joy made full in themselves.
Jn 17:14 I have given them Your word; and the world has hated them, because they are not of the world, even as I am not of the world.
Jn 17:15 I do not ask You to take them out of the world, but to keep them from the evil one.
Jn 17:16 They are not of the world, even as I am not of the world.
Jn 17:17 Sanctify them in the truth; Your word is truth.
Jn 17:18 As You sent Me into the world, I also have sent them into the world.
Jn 17:19 For their sakes I sanctify Myself, that they themselves also may be sanctified in truth.
Jn 17:20 "I do not ask on behalf of these alone, but for those also who believe in Me through their word;
Jn 17:21 that they may all be one; even as You, Father, are in Me and I in You, that they also may be in Us, so that the world may believe that You sent Me.
Jn 17:22 The glory which You have given Me I have given to them, that they may be one, just as We are one;
Jn 17:23 I in them and You in Me, that they may be perfected in unity, so that the world may know that You sent Me, and loved them, even as You have loved Me.

Rom 3:9 What then? Are we better than they? Not at all; for we have already charged that both Jews and Greeks are all under sin;
Rom 3:10 as it is written," There is none righteous, not even one;
Rom 3:11 There is none who understands, There is none who seeks for God;
Rom 3:12 All have turned aside, together they have become useless; There is none who does good, There is not even one."
Rom 3:17 And the path of peace they have not known."
Rom 3:18 "There is no fear of God before their eyes."
Rom 3:19 Now we know that whatever the Law says, it speaks to those who are under the Law, so that every mouth may be closed and all the world may become accountable to God;
Rom 3:20 because by the works of the Law no flesh will be justified in His sight; for through the Law comes the knowledge of sin.
Rom 3:21 But now apart from the Law the righteousness of God has been manifested, being witnessed by the Law and the Prophets,
Rom 3:22 even the righteousness of God through faith in Jesus Christ for all those who believe; for there is no distinction;
Rom 3:23 for all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God,
Rom 3:24 being justified as a gift by His grace through the redemption which is in Christ Jesus;
Rom 3:25 whom God displayed publicly as a propitiation in His blood through faith. This was to demonstrate His righteousness, because in the forbearance of God He passed over the sins previously committed;
Rom 3:26 for the demonstration, I say, of His righteousness at the present time, so that He would be just and the justifier of the one who has faith in Jesus.
Rom 3:27 Where then is boasting? It is excluded. By what kind of law? Of works? No, but by a law of faith.
Rom 3:28 For we maintain that a man is justified by faith apart from works of the Law.
Rom 3:29 Or is God the God of Jews only? Is He not the God of Gentiles also? Yes, of Gentiles also,
Rom 3:30 since indeed God who will justify the circumcised by faith and the uncircumcised through faith is one.
Rom 3:31 Do we then nullify the Law through faith? May it never be! On the contrary, we establish the Law.
1Jn 1:1 What was from the beginning, what we have heard, what we have seen with our eyes, what we have looked at and touched with our hands, concerning the Word of Life"
1Jn 1:2 and the life was manifested, and we have seen and testify and proclaim to you the eternal life, which was with the Father and was manifested to us"
1Jn 1:3 what we have seen and heard we proclaim to you also, so that you too may have fellowship with us; and indeed our fellowship is with the Father, and with His Son Jesus Christ.
1Jn 1:4 These things we write, so that our joy may be made complete.
1Jn 1:5 This is the message we have heard from Him and announce to you, that God is Light, and in Him there is no darkness at all.
1Jn 1:6 If we say that we have fellowship with Him and yet walk in the darkness, we lie and do not practice the truth;
1Jn 1:7 but if we walk in the Light as He Himself is in the Light, we have fellowship with one another, and the blood of Jesus His Son cleanses us from all sin.
1Jn 1:8 If we say that we have no sin, we are deceiving ourselves and the truth is not in us.
1Jn 1:9 If we confess our sins, He is faithful and righteous to forgive us our sins and to cleanse us from all unrighteousness.
1Jn 1:10 If we say that we have not sinned, we make Him a liar and His word is not in us.

1Jn 5:1 Whoever believes that Jesus is the Christ is born of God, and whoever loves the Father loves the child born of Him.
1Jn 5:2 By this we know that we love the children of God, when we love God and observe His commandments.
1Jn 5:3 For this is the love of God, that we keep His commandments; and His commandments are not burdensome.
1Jn 5:4 For whatever is born of God overcomes the world; and this is the victory that has overcome the world"our faith.
1Jn 5:5 Who is the one who overcomes the world, but he who believes that Jesus is the Son of God?
1Jn 5:10 The one who believes in the Son of God has the testimony in himself;
the one who does not believe God has made Him a liar, because he has not believed in the testimony that God has given concerning His Son.
1Jn 5:11 And the testimony is this, that God has given us eternal life, and this life is in His Son.
1Jn 5:12 He who has the Son has the life; he who does not have the Son of God does not have the life.
1Jn 5:13 These things I have written to you who believe in the name of the Son of God, so that you may know that you have eternal life.

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