Introduction :: MACEDONIA
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Macedonia gained its independence peacefully from Yugoslavia in 1991. Greek objection to Macedonia’s name, insisting it implies territorial pretensions to the northern Greek province of the same name, have stalled the country’s movement toward Euro-Atlantic integration. Immediately after Macedonia declared independence, Greece sought to block Macedonian efforts to gain UN membership if the name “Macedonia” was used. Macedonia was eventually admitted to the UN in 1993 as “The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,” and at the same time it agreed to UN-sponsored negotiations on the name dispute. In 1995, Greece lifted a 20-month trade embargo and the two countries agreed to normalize relations, but the issue of the name remained unresolved and negotiations for a solution are ongoing. Since 2004, the US and over 130 other nations have recognized Macedonia by its constitutional name, Republic of Macedonia. Ethnic Albanian grievances over perceived political and economic inequities escalated into an insurgency in 2001 that eventually led to the internationally brokered Ohrid Framework Agreement, which ended the fighting and established guidelines for constitutional amendments and the creation of new laws that enhanced the rights of minorities. Relations between Macedonians and ethnic Albanians remain fragile, however. Although Macedonia became an EU candidate in 2005, the country still faces challenges, including overcoming the ongoing political crisis that began in 2015 when opposition party SDSM began releasing wiretap content that it alleged showed widespread government corruption, the ongoing migration crisis, fully implementing the Framework Agreement, resolving the outstanding name dispute with Greece, improving relations with Bulgaria, halting democratic backsliding, and stimulating economic growth and development. Macedonia's membership in NATO was blocked by Greece at the Alliance's Summit of Bucharest in 2008.
Geography :: MACEDONIA
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Southeastern Europe, north of Greece
41 50 N, 22 00 E
Europe
total: 25,713 sq km
land: 25,433 sq km
water: 280 sq km
country comparison to the world: 150
slightly larger than Vermont
total: 838 km
border countries (5): Albania 181 km, Bulgaria 162 km, Greece 234 km, Kosovo 160 km, Serbia 101 km
0 km (landlocked)
none (landlocked)
warm, dry summers and autumns; relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall
mountainous with deep basins and valleys; three large lakes, each divided by a frontier line; country bisected by the Vardar River
mean elevation: 741 m
elevation extremes: lowest point: Vardar River 50 m
highest point: Golem Korab (Maja e Korabit) 2,764 m
low-grade iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, chromite, manganese, nickel, tungsten, gold, silver, asbestos, gypsum, timber, arable land
agricultural land: 44.3%
arable land 16.4%; permanent crops 1.4%; permanent pasture 26.5%
forest: 39.8%
other: 15.9% (2011 est.)
1,280 sq km (2012)
a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations
high seismic risks
air pollution from metallurgical plants
party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
landlocked; major transportation corridor from Western and Central Europe to Aegean Sea and Southern Europe to Western Europe
People and Society :: MACEDONIA
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2,100,025 (July 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 146
noun: Macedonian(s)
adjective: Macedonian
Macedonian 64.2%, Albanian 25.2%, Turkish 3.9%, Roma (Gypsy) 2.7%, Serb 1.8%, other 2.2% (2002 est.)
Macedonian (official) 66.5%, Albanian (official) 25.1%, Turkish 3.5%, Roma 1.9%, Serbian 1.2%, other 1.8% (2002 est.)
Macedonian Orthodox 64.8%, Muslim 33.3%, other Christian 0.4%, other and unspecified 1.5% (2002 est.)
0-14 years: 17.27% (male 187,752/female 174,935)
15-24 years: 13.69% (male 148,340/female 139,195)
25-54 years: 43.65% (male 465,622/female 451,028)
55-64 years: 12.3% (male 126,548/female 131,749)
65 years and over: 13.09% (male 117,787/female 157,069) (2016 est.)
population pyramid:
Europe
::MACEDONIA
Population Pyramid
A population pyramid illustrates the age and sex structure of a country's population and may provide insights about political and social stability, as well as economic development. The population is distributed along the horizontal axis, with males shown on the left and females on the right. The male and female populations are broken down into 5-year age groups represented as horizontal bars along the vertical axis, with the youngest age groups at the bottom and the oldest at the top. The shape of the population pyramid gradually evolves over time based on fertility, mortality, and international migration trends.
For additional information, please see the entry for Population pyramid on the Definitions and Notes page under the References tab.
total dependency ratio: 41.4%
youth dependency ratio: 24%
elderly dependency ratio: 17.4%
potential support ratio: 5.7% (2015 est.)
total: 37.5 years
male: 36.4 years
female: 38.6 years (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 65
0.18% (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 188
11.5 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 170
9.1 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 66
-0.5 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 129
a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations
urban population: 57.1% of total population (2015)
rate of urbanization: 0.11% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
SKOPJE (capital) 503,000 (2015)
at birth: 1.08 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.75 male(s)/female
total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2016 est.)
26.6 (2013 est.)
8 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 153
total: 7.5 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 7.8 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 7.2 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 158
total population: 76.2 years
male: 73.6 years
female: 79 years (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 89
1.6 children born/woman (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 181
40.2% (2011)
6.5% of GDP (2014)
country comparison to the world: 79
2.62 physicians/1,000 population (2009)
4.5 beds/1,000 population (2011)
improved:
urban: 99.8% of population
rural: 98.9% of population
total: 99.4% of population
unimproved:
urban: 0.2% of population
rural: 1.1% of population
total: 0.6% of population (2015 est.)
improved:
urban: 97.2% of population
rural: 82.6% of population
total: 90.9% of population
unimproved:
urban: 2.8% of population
rural: 17.4% of population
total: 9.1% of population (2015 est.)
0.01% (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 131
200 (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 126
fewer than 100 (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 106
20.8% (2014)
country comparison to the world: 92
1.3% (2011)
country comparison to the world: 128
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 97.8%
male: 98.8%
female: 96.8% (2015 est.)
total: 13 years
male: 13 years
female: 13 years (2012)
total number: 16,782
percentage: 6% (2005 est.)
total: 53.1%
male: 52%
female: 55% (2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 4
Government :: MACEDONIA
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conventional long form: Republic of Macedonia
conventional short form: Macedonia
local long form: Republika Makedonija
local short form: Makedonija
note: the provisional designation used by the UN, EU, and NATO is the "former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia" (FYROM)
former: People's Republic of Macedonia, Socialist Republic of Macedonia
etymology: the country name derives from the ancient kingdom of Macedon (7th to 2nd centuries B.C.)
parliamentary republic
name: Skopje
geographic coordinates: 42 00 N, 21 26 E
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
70 municipalities (opstini, singular - opstina) and 1 city* (grad); Aracinovo, Berovo, Bitola, Bogdanci, Bogovinje, Bosilovo, Brvenica, Caska, Centar Zupa, Cesinovo-Oblesevo, Cucer Sandevo, Debar, Debarca, Delcevo, Demir Hisar, Demir Kapija, Dojran, Dolneni, Gevgelija, Gostivar, Gradsko, Ilinden, Jegunovce, Karbinci, Kavadarci, Kicevo, Kocani, Konce, Kratovo, Kriva Palanka, Krivogastani, Krusevo, Kumanovo, Lipkovo, Lozovo, Makedonska Kamenica, Makedonski Brod, Mavrovo i Rostusa, Mogila, Negotino, Novaci, Novo Selo, Ohrid, Pehcevo, Petrovec, Plasnica, Prilep, Probistip, Radovis, Rankovce, Resen, Rosoman, Skopje*, Sopiste, Staro Nagoricane, Stip, Struga, Strumica, Studenicani, Sveti Nikole, Tearce, Tetovo, Valandovo, Vasilevo, Veles, Vevcani, Vinica, Vrapciste, Zelenikovo, Zelino, Zrnovci
8 September 1991 (referendum by registered voters endorsed independence from Yugoslavia)
Independence Day, 8 September (1991); also known as National Day
several previous; latest adopted 17 November 1991, effective 20 November 1991; amended several times, last in 2015 (2016)
civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts
has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
citizenship by birth: no
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Macedonia
dual citizenship recognized: no
residency requirement for naturalization: 8 years
18 years of age; universal
chief of state: President Gjorge IVANOV (since 12 May 2009)
head of government: Interim Prime Minister Emil DIMITRIEV (since 18 January 2016); Prime Minister Nikola GRUEVSKI (since 26 August 2006) resigned on 15 January 2016
cabinet: Council of Ministers elected by the Assembly by simple majority vote; note - the 2014 cabinet formed by the government coalition parties VMRO-DPMNE, DUI, and several small parties; as a result of an agreement reached in July 2015 between the largest parties to resolve a 16-month opposition boycott of the Assembly, several minister and deputy minister positions were also given to the opposition SDSM
elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 13 and 27 April 2014 (next to be held in 2019); following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually elected prime minister by the Assembly
election results: Gjorge IVANOV reelected president in second round; percent of vote - Gjorge IVANOV (independent) 55.3%, Stevo PENDAROVSKI (SDSM) 41.1%, other 3.6%
description: unicameral Assembly or Sobranie (123 seats; 120 members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote and 3 directly elected in diaspora constituencies worldwide by simple majority vote; members serve 4-year terms)
elections: last held on 27 April 2014 (the election scheduled for 5 June 2016 has been postponed until 11 December 2016)
election results: percent of vote by party - VMRO-DPMNE 43.0%, SDSM 25.3%, BDI 13.7%, PDSh 5.9%, GROM 2.8%, RDK 1.6%, other 4.3%, invalid 3.4%; seats by party - VMRO-DPMNE 61, SDSM 34, BDI 19, PDSh 7, GROM 1, RDK 1
highest court(s): Supreme Court (consist of NA judges); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 judges)
judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judges nominated by the Judicial Council, a 7-member body of legal professionals, and appointed by the Assembly; judge tenure NA; Constitutional Court judges appointed by the Assembly for nonrenewable, 9-year terms
subordinate courts: Courts of Appeal; Basic Courts
Citizens Option for Macedonia or GROM [Stevco JAKIMOVSKI]
Democratic Party of Albanians or PDSh [Menduh THACI]
Democratic Union for Integration or BDI [Ali AHMETI]
Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization - Democratic Party for Macedonian National Unity or VMRO-DPMNE [Nikola GRUEVSKI]
National Democratic Revival or RDK [Vesel MEMEDI]
Social Democratic Union of Macedonia or SDSM [Zoran ZAEV]
note: during the 2014 parliamentary elections VMRO-DPMNE, SDSM, and GROM each led coalitions
Federation of Free Trade Unions [Mirjana ANDREVSKA]
Federation of Trade Unions [Zivko MITREVSKI]
Trade Union of Education, Science and Culture or SONK [Jakim NEDELKOV]
Student Plenum
Eco Guerilla [Arianit XHAFERI]
BIS, CD, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, EU (candidate country), FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, OAS (observer), OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
chief of mission: Ambassador Vasko NAUMOVSKI (since 18 November 2014)
chancery: 2129 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 667-0501
FAX: [1] (202) 667-2131
consulate(s) general: Chicago, Detroit, New York
chief of mission: Ambassador Jess L. BAILY (since 12 February 2015)
embassy: Str. Samolilova, Nr. 21, 1000 Skopje
mailing address: American Embassy Skopje, US Department of State, 7120 Skopje Place, Washington, DC 20521-7120 (pouch)
telephone: [389] (2) 310-2000
FAX: [389] (2) 310-2499
a yellow sun (the Sun of Liberty) with eight broadening rays extending to the edges of the red field; the red and yellow colors have long been associated with Macedonia
eight-rayed sun; national colors: red, yellow
name: "Denes nad Makedonija" (Today Over Macedonia)
lyrics/music: Vlado MALESKI/Todor SKALOVSKI
note: written in 1943 and adopted in 1991 , the song previously served as the anthem of the Socialist Republic of Macedonia while part of Yugoslavia
Economy :: MACEDONIA
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Since its independence in 1991, Macedonia has made progress in liberalizing its economy and improving its business environment, but has lagged the Balkan region in attracting foreign investment. Corruption and weak rule of law remain significant problems. Some businesses complain of opaque regulations and unequal enforcement of the law.
Macedonia’s economy is closely linked to Europe as a customer for exports and source of investment, and has suffered as a result of prolonged weakness in the euro zone. Unemployment has remained consistently high at about 30% since 2008, but may be overstated based on the existence of an extensive gray market, estimated to be between 20% and 45% of GDP, which is not captured by official statistics.
Macedonia maintained macroeconomic stability through the global financial crisis by conducting prudent monetary policy, which keeps the domestic currency pegged against the euro, and by limiting fiscal deficits. The government has been loosening fiscal policy, however, and the budget deficit was 4.2% of GDP in both 2013 and 2014, gradually falling to 3.7% in 2015. By yearend 2015, public debt was 40.3%, which although low by regional comparison, is significant for a small economy.
$29.04 billion (2015 est.)
$28.01 billion (2014 est.)
$27.05 billion (2013 est.)
note: data are in 2015 US dollars; Macedonia has a large informal sector that may not be reflected in these data
country comparison to the world: 132
$9.922 billion (2015 est.)
3.7% (2015 est.)
3.5% (2014 est.)
2.9% (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 75
$14,000 (2015 est.)
$13,500 (2014 est.)
$13,100 (2013 est.)
note: data are in 2015 US dollars
country comparison to the world: 114
22.5% of GDP (2015 est.)
21.2% of GDP (2014 est.)
22.1% of GDP (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 30
household consumption: 67.7%
government consumption: 16.7%
investment in fixed capital: 18.2%
investment in inventories: 13.7%
exports of goods and services: 48.5%
imports of goods and services: -64.8% (2015 est.)
agriculture: 11.2%
industry: 26.1%
services: 62.7% (2015 est.)
grapes, tobacco, vegetables, fruits; milk, eggs
food processing, beverages, textiles, chemicals, iron, steel, cement, energy, pharmaceuticals, automotive parts
7.8% (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 20
954,900 (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 146
agriculture: 18.3%
industry: 29.1%
services: 52.6% (2014 est.)
26.1% (2015 est.)
28% (2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 182
30.4% (2011 est.)
lowest 10%: 2.2%
highest 10%: 34.5% (2009 est.)
43.6 (2013)
39.2 (2011)
country comparison to the world: 48
revenues: $2.903 billion
expenditures: $3.252 billion (2015 est.)
29.3% of GDP (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 87
-3.5% of GDP (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 132
46.5% of GDP (2015 est.)
46% of GDP (2014 est.)
note: official data from Ministry of Finance; data cover central government debt; this data exclude debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; include treasury debt held by foreign entitites; exclude debt issued by sub-national entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; there are no debt instruments sold for social funds
country comparison to the world: 91
calendar year
-0.2% (2015 est.)
-0.1% (2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 41
3.25% (31 December 2014)
3.25% (31 December 2013)
note: series discontinued in January 2010; the discount rate has been replaced by a referent rate for calculating the penalty rate
country comparison to the world: 101
7.08% (31 December 2015 est.)
7.46% (31 December 2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 118
$1.797 billion (31 December 2015 est.)
$1.692 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 134
$6.129 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
$6.282 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 123
$5.308 billion (31 December 2015 est.)
$5.111 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 121
$2.084 billion (31 December 2014)
$2.302 billion (31 December 2013)
$2.423 billion (31 December 2012)
country comparison to the world: 98
-$141 million (2015 est.)
-$91 million (2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 72
$3.372 billion (2015 est.)
$3.682 billion (2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 122
foodstuffs, beverages, tobacco; textiles, miscellaneous manufactures, iron, steel; automotive parts
Germany 33.2%, Kosovo 11.5%, Bulgaria 5.1%, Greece 4.5% (2015)
$5.393 billion (2015 est.)
$6.15 billion (2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 121
machinery and equipment, automobiles, chemicals, fuels, food products
Germany 15.9%, UK 13.6%, Greece 10.9%, Serbia 8.7%, Bulgaria 6.7%, Turkey 5.5%, Italy 4.7% (2015)
$2.471 billion (31 December 2015 est.)
$2.963 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 113
$7.029 billion (31 December 2015 est.)
$7.241 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 120
$6.123 billion (31 December 2015 est.)
$5.93 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 97
$599.6 million (31 December 2015 est.)
$600.3 million (31 December 2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 86
Macedonian denars (MKD) per US dollar -
55.537 (2015 est.)
46.437 (2014 est.)
46.437 (31 December 2013 est.)
47.89 (2012 est.)
44.231 (2011 est.)
Energy :: MACEDONIA
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electrification - total population: 100% (2016)
4.569 billion kWh (2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 120
6.96 billion kWh (2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 105
112.9 million kWh (2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 78
3.073 billion kWh (2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 52
2.011 million kW (2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 108
64.5% of total installed capacity (2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 121
0% of total installed capacity (2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 140
33% of total installed capacity (2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 70
2.6% of total installed capacity (2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 76
0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 167
0 bbl/day (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 160
146 bbl/day (2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 81
0 bbl (1 January 2016 es)
country comparison to the world: 167
1,719 bbl/day (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 106
20,000 bbl/day (2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 141
2,616 bbl/day (2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 101
17,950 bbl/day (2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 117
0 cu m (2014)
country comparison to the world: 102
134.7 million cu m (2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 107
0 cu m (2014)
country comparison to the world: 145
134.7 million cu m (2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 71
0 cu m (31 December 2014 )
country comparison to the world: 170
7.9 million Mt (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 111
Communications :: MACEDONIA
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total subscriptions: 372,557
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 18 (July 2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 105
total: 2.223 million
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 106 (July 2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 147
general assessment: competition from the mobile-cellular segment of the telecommunications market has led to a drop in fixed-line telephone subscriptions
domestic: combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular telephone subscribership about 120 per 100 persons
international: country code - 389 (2015)
public TV broadcaster operates 3 national channels and a satellite network; 5 privately owned TV channels broadcast nationally using terrestrial transmitters and about 15 broadcast on national level via satellite; roughly 75 local commercial TV stations; large number of cable operators offering domestic and international programming; public radio broadcaster operates over multiple stations; 3 privately owned radio stations broadcast nationally; about 70 local commercial radio stations (2012)
.mk
1.475 million
70.4% (July 2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 121
Transportation :: MACEDONIA
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Z3 (2016)
10 (2013)
country comparison to the world: 155
total: 8
2,438 to 3,047 m: 2
under 914 m: 6 (2013)
total: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 1
under 914 m: 1 (2013)
gas 268 km; oil 120 km (2013)
total: 699 km
standard gauge: 699 km 1.435-m gauge (223 km electrified) (2014)
country comparison to the world: 101
total: 14,182 km (includes 242 km of expressways)
paved: 9,633 km
unpaved: 4,549 km (2014)
country comparison to the world: 124
Military and Security :: MACEDONIA
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Army of the Republic of Macedonia (ARM; includes General Staff and subordinate Joint Operational Command, Training and Doctrine Command, Special Operations Regiment) (2012)
18 years of age for voluntary military service; conscription abolished in 2008 (2013)
1.08% of GDP (2015)
1.17% of GDP (2014)
1.14% of GDP (2013)
1.2% of GDP (2012)
1.3% of GDP (2011)
country comparison to the world: 92
Transnational Issues :: MACEDONIA
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Kosovo and Macedonia completed demarcation of their boundary in September 2008; Greece continues to reject the use of the name Macedonia or Republic of Macedonia
stateless persons: 667 (2015)
note: 478,003 refugee and migrant arrivals (2015 - November 2016 est.)
major transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and hashish; minor transit point for South American cocaine destined for Europe; although not a financial center and most criminal activity is thought to be domestic, money laundering is a problem due to a mostly cash-based economy and weak enforcement
